APEX PSYCHOLOGY EST BANK COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS
◉Preconventional level. Answer:In Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, a state in which
decision making is based on avoiding punishment.
◉Conventional level. Answer:In Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, a state in which decision
making is based on following rules.
◉Fundamental attribution error. Answer:The tendency to underestimate situational influences
and overestimate dispositional influences when judging other people's behavior.
◉Dispositional attribution. Answer:Citing a person's qualities as the reasons for his or her
actions or experiences.
◉Situational attribution. Answer:Citing a person's situation as the reason for his or her actions
or experiences.
◉Obedience. Answer:Following the orders of an authority figure.
◉Milgram Experiment. Answer:A series of psychological experiments which measured the
willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to deliver fake
electrical shocks to a fake participant.
◉Scapegoat theory. Answer:The tendency to find a group on which to blame problems in order
to divert attention away from one's own failings.
◉Cognitive dissonance. Answer:Holding two attitudes that disagree with each other.
◉Groupthink. Answer:The tendency to ignore opposing views in order to maintain group
harmony.
, ◉DSM. Answer:The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders. A standard for classifying and diagnosing mental disorders.
◉Insanity. Answer:A legal term for a state of mind in which a person is judged as not knowing
the difference between right and wrong at the time he or she committed a criminal act.
◉ Nature-nurture question. Answer:The question of whether a person's traits are mostly the
result of genes or the environment.
◉Naturalistic observation. Answer:A research method that involves observing and recording
behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the
situation.
◉Survey. Answer:Observational studies based on asking people questions.
◉Experiment. Answer:Studies in which researchers change one factor (the independent
variable) in order to determine if the change alters another factor (the dependent variable).
◉Correlation. Answer:Any scientifically proven relationship between two or more variables.
◉Correlation vs. Causation. Answer:A basic and often-repeated principle in science stating that
a correlation must be investigated before it can be concluded that one thing causes another.
◉Declarative memory. Answer:Long-term memory that can be visualized or described. It is also
called explicit memory
◉Procedural memory. Answer:Habits and other similar ways of acting that a person cannot
remember unless he or she performs the action.
◉Semantic memory. Answer:The memory of facts and concepts not directly attached to your
experience.
◉Episodic memory. Answer:Memory of personal experiences.
◉REM sleep. Answer:A sleep stage characterized by dreaming and rapid movement of the eyes.
SOLUTIONS
◉Preconventional level. Answer:In Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, a state in which
decision making is based on avoiding punishment.
◉Conventional level. Answer:In Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, a state in which decision
making is based on following rules.
◉Fundamental attribution error. Answer:The tendency to underestimate situational influences
and overestimate dispositional influences when judging other people's behavior.
◉Dispositional attribution. Answer:Citing a person's qualities as the reasons for his or her
actions or experiences.
◉Situational attribution. Answer:Citing a person's situation as the reason for his or her actions
or experiences.
◉Obedience. Answer:Following the orders of an authority figure.
◉Milgram Experiment. Answer:A series of psychological experiments which measured the
willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to deliver fake
electrical shocks to a fake participant.
◉Scapegoat theory. Answer:The tendency to find a group on which to blame problems in order
to divert attention away from one's own failings.
◉Cognitive dissonance. Answer:Holding two attitudes that disagree with each other.
◉Groupthink. Answer:The tendency to ignore opposing views in order to maintain group
harmony.
, ◉DSM. Answer:The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders. A standard for classifying and diagnosing mental disorders.
◉Insanity. Answer:A legal term for a state of mind in which a person is judged as not knowing
the difference between right and wrong at the time he or she committed a criminal act.
◉ Nature-nurture question. Answer:The question of whether a person's traits are mostly the
result of genes or the environment.
◉Naturalistic observation. Answer:A research method that involves observing and recording
behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the
situation.
◉Survey. Answer:Observational studies based on asking people questions.
◉Experiment. Answer:Studies in which researchers change one factor (the independent
variable) in order to determine if the change alters another factor (the dependent variable).
◉Correlation. Answer:Any scientifically proven relationship between two or more variables.
◉Correlation vs. Causation. Answer:A basic and often-repeated principle in science stating that
a correlation must be investigated before it can be concluded that one thing causes another.
◉Declarative memory. Answer:Long-term memory that can be visualized or described. It is also
called explicit memory
◉Procedural memory. Answer:Habits and other similar ways of acting that a person cannot
remember unless he or she performs the action.
◉Semantic memory. Answer:The memory of facts and concepts not directly attached to your
experience.
◉Episodic memory. Answer:Memory of personal experiences.
◉REM sleep. Answer:A sleep stage characterized by dreaming and rapid movement of the eyes.
