• Pediatric Nursing 09/16/2026
Exam
Test Bank 2 for Essentials of Pediatric Nursing,
5th Edition by Kyle & Carman | Complete
Chapters with Verified Answers | Latest
Updated Edition 2026
What is the most likely cause of gastroenteritis in this child?
Escherichia coli
Clostridium difficile
P 1
, • Pediatric Nursing 09/16/2026
Exam
Norwalk virus
Rotavirus
Shigella - Correct Answer :Rotavirus
A viral etiology is suspected in a patient with a normal white blood cell count. In the 1st 2 years of life, especially
in the winter months, rotavirus is a common cause of gastroenteritis. Epidemics are not uncommon; therefore,
rotavirus vaccinations are now considered standard at 2, 4, and 6 months of age.
A 7-year-old boy presents with a 6-day history of a rash on his right flank. It is painful and appears blistered in
some areas. His mother states that his right flank became painful a few days prior to the onset of the rash. He is
up to date on his immunizations. He had chicken pox at the age of 18 months. He has been well recently, his past
medical history is unremarkable, and he has no known drug allergies.
On exam, the boy has a vesiculobullous rash on his right flank in a continuous band from the middle of his back
spreading around to his mid-axillary line. No other lesions are present. He does have some right axillary
lymphadenopathy as well. What is the most appropriate treatment option?
Symptomatic treatment and prevention of secondary infection
Oral acyclovir
Intravenous varicella-zoster immune globulin
Oral cephalexin
Aspirin - Correct Answer :Symptomatic treatment and prevention of secondary infection
In a normal child, symptomatic treatment and prevention of secondary infection are the mainstays of treatment.
A 3-year-old, HIV-positive boy has contracted varicella infection. He has not shown a satisfactory response to
treatment with acyclovir. He is suspected of having an acyclovir resistant varicella zoster infection.
What is the alternate drug appropriate for treatment of varicella in this child?
P 2
, • Pediatric Nursing 09/16/2026
Exam
Zidovudine
Ribavirin
Oseltamivir
Foscarnet
Nevirapine - Correct Answer :Foscarnet
Foscarnet is the appropriate drug for treatment of varicella in the above child. Acyclovir resistant varicella-zoster
virus (VZV) infection has been identified in children infected with HIV. These children may be treated with
intravenous foscarnet 120 mg/kg/day, divided every 8 hours for up to 3 weeks. The dose needs to be modified in
the presence of renal insufficiency. When foscarnet is used to treat VZV infection in acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS) patients, it also decreases HIV viral load, but it is not used primarily for HIV infection.
A 5-year-old boy presents with 6-day history of fever, fatigue, and rash. He has no significant past medical
history. He is current with his vaccinations, except for varicella, which his parents have refused in the past. On
exam, his temperature is 101.3º F; heart rate is 110, and blood pressure is 94. He has bilateral conjunctival
injection, an erythematous pharynx without exudate, cracked red lips, and an erythematous right tympanic
membrane. He has shotty enlarged anterior cervical lymph nodes bilaterally, the largest nodes measuring 1.6 cm
on the right side and 1.5 cm on the left side. His lungs are clear, and his heart has a regular rhythm. His abdomen
is soft. He is in no acute distress, and he has a generalized maculopapular rash.
What are some other possible findings associated with his probable diagnosis?
Sterile pyuria, meningismus
Peripheral neuropathy, thrombocytopenia
Epistaxes, hematuria
Colonic poly - Correct Answer :Sterile pyuria, meningismus
This patient meets the diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki disease, which includes fever for at least 5 days, and at
least 4 of the 5 following signs:
P 3
, • Pediatric Nursing 09/16/2026
Exam
bilateral conjunctival injection, generally nonpurulent
changes in the mucosa of the oropharynx
changes of the peripheral extremities
rash
cervical adenopathy >1.5 cm, usually unilateral
The most serious complication of Kawasaki disease is a coronary aneurysm with the potential for thrombosis,
myocardial infarction, and rupture. Other possible findings include aseptic meningitis, diarrhea, hepatitis,
hydrops of the gallbladder, urethritis and meatitis with sterile pyuria, otitis media, arthritis, myocarditis, and
pericarditis.
A 5-year-old Hispanic boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia presents with fever and rash. He is currently on
induction chemotherapy that includes dexamethasone. He was exposed to a friend with varicella 2 weeks ago;
he has never had the varicella vaccination and his mother cannot recall that he ever had a varicella infection.
Blood tests prior to initiation of chemotherapy showed the absence of antibody to the varicella virus. He now
has 10 small vesicles and several red macules on his face and chest. Temperature is 38.5° C. Exam is otherwise
normal. What is the most appropriate immediate treatment for this patient?
Observation
Varicella-zoster immune globulin 125 units/10 kg IM
Varicella vaccine 0.5 mL IM
Acyclovir 500 mg/m2 IV every 8 hours
Acyclovir 200 mg/m2 PO 5 times a day - Correct Answer :Acyclovir 500 mg/m2 IV every 8 hours
High doses of IV acyclovir (500 mg/m2 IV every 8 hours) should be administered to immunocompromised
patients with primary varicella infections due to the high risk of disseminated disease and complications from
infection.
To prevent primary varicella infection in susceptible patients who have been exposed to the virus, varicella-
zoster immune globulin (VZIG) needs to be administered within 96 hours of exposure and sooner, if possible, for
maximum effectiveness.
P 4
Exam
Test Bank 2 for Essentials of Pediatric Nursing,
5th Edition by Kyle & Carman | Complete
Chapters with Verified Answers | Latest
Updated Edition 2026
What is the most likely cause of gastroenteritis in this child?
Escherichia coli
Clostridium difficile
P 1
, • Pediatric Nursing 09/16/2026
Exam
Norwalk virus
Rotavirus
Shigella - Correct Answer :Rotavirus
A viral etiology is suspected in a patient with a normal white blood cell count. In the 1st 2 years of life, especially
in the winter months, rotavirus is a common cause of gastroenteritis. Epidemics are not uncommon; therefore,
rotavirus vaccinations are now considered standard at 2, 4, and 6 months of age.
A 7-year-old boy presents with a 6-day history of a rash on his right flank. It is painful and appears blistered in
some areas. His mother states that his right flank became painful a few days prior to the onset of the rash. He is
up to date on his immunizations. He had chicken pox at the age of 18 months. He has been well recently, his past
medical history is unremarkable, and he has no known drug allergies.
On exam, the boy has a vesiculobullous rash on his right flank in a continuous band from the middle of his back
spreading around to his mid-axillary line. No other lesions are present. He does have some right axillary
lymphadenopathy as well. What is the most appropriate treatment option?
Symptomatic treatment and prevention of secondary infection
Oral acyclovir
Intravenous varicella-zoster immune globulin
Oral cephalexin
Aspirin - Correct Answer :Symptomatic treatment and prevention of secondary infection
In a normal child, symptomatic treatment and prevention of secondary infection are the mainstays of treatment.
A 3-year-old, HIV-positive boy has contracted varicella infection. He has not shown a satisfactory response to
treatment with acyclovir. He is suspected of having an acyclovir resistant varicella zoster infection.
What is the alternate drug appropriate for treatment of varicella in this child?
P 2
, • Pediatric Nursing 09/16/2026
Exam
Zidovudine
Ribavirin
Oseltamivir
Foscarnet
Nevirapine - Correct Answer :Foscarnet
Foscarnet is the appropriate drug for treatment of varicella in the above child. Acyclovir resistant varicella-zoster
virus (VZV) infection has been identified in children infected with HIV. These children may be treated with
intravenous foscarnet 120 mg/kg/day, divided every 8 hours for up to 3 weeks. The dose needs to be modified in
the presence of renal insufficiency. When foscarnet is used to treat VZV infection in acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS) patients, it also decreases HIV viral load, but it is not used primarily for HIV infection.
A 5-year-old boy presents with 6-day history of fever, fatigue, and rash. He has no significant past medical
history. He is current with his vaccinations, except for varicella, which his parents have refused in the past. On
exam, his temperature is 101.3º F; heart rate is 110, and blood pressure is 94. He has bilateral conjunctival
injection, an erythematous pharynx without exudate, cracked red lips, and an erythematous right tympanic
membrane. He has shotty enlarged anterior cervical lymph nodes bilaterally, the largest nodes measuring 1.6 cm
on the right side and 1.5 cm on the left side. His lungs are clear, and his heart has a regular rhythm. His abdomen
is soft. He is in no acute distress, and he has a generalized maculopapular rash.
What are some other possible findings associated with his probable diagnosis?
Sterile pyuria, meningismus
Peripheral neuropathy, thrombocytopenia
Epistaxes, hematuria
Colonic poly - Correct Answer :Sterile pyuria, meningismus
This patient meets the diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki disease, which includes fever for at least 5 days, and at
least 4 of the 5 following signs:
P 3
, • Pediatric Nursing 09/16/2026
Exam
bilateral conjunctival injection, generally nonpurulent
changes in the mucosa of the oropharynx
changes of the peripheral extremities
rash
cervical adenopathy >1.5 cm, usually unilateral
The most serious complication of Kawasaki disease is a coronary aneurysm with the potential for thrombosis,
myocardial infarction, and rupture. Other possible findings include aseptic meningitis, diarrhea, hepatitis,
hydrops of the gallbladder, urethritis and meatitis with sterile pyuria, otitis media, arthritis, myocarditis, and
pericarditis.
A 5-year-old Hispanic boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia presents with fever and rash. He is currently on
induction chemotherapy that includes dexamethasone. He was exposed to a friend with varicella 2 weeks ago;
he has never had the varicella vaccination and his mother cannot recall that he ever had a varicella infection.
Blood tests prior to initiation of chemotherapy showed the absence of antibody to the varicella virus. He now
has 10 small vesicles and several red macules on his face and chest. Temperature is 38.5° C. Exam is otherwise
normal. What is the most appropriate immediate treatment for this patient?
Observation
Varicella-zoster immune globulin 125 units/10 kg IM
Varicella vaccine 0.5 mL IM
Acyclovir 500 mg/m2 IV every 8 hours
Acyclovir 200 mg/m2 PO 5 times a day - Correct Answer :Acyclovir 500 mg/m2 IV every 8 hours
High doses of IV acyclovir (500 mg/m2 IV every 8 hours) should be administered to immunocompromised
patients with primary varicella infections due to the high risk of disseminated disease and complications from
infection.
To prevent primary varicella infection in susceptible patients who have been exposed to the virus, varicella-
zoster immune globulin (VZIG) needs to be administered within 96 hours of exposure and sooner, if possible, for
maximum effectiveness.
P 4
