IUPUI PHYSIOLOGY EXAM 4 REAL EXAM 2026 || MOST
RECENT EXAM 2026|2027 ACTUAL COMPLETE REAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+ |
GUARANTEED SUCCESS!! NEWEST EXAM | JUST
RELEASED!!
Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing water
reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidneys?
A. Aldosterone
B. Antidiuretic hormone
C. Atrial natriuretic peptide
D. Parathyroid hormone
Answer: B. Antidiuretic hormone
Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone, or ADH, increases the permeability of
the collecting ducts to water by promoting insertion of aquaporin-2
channels into the apical membrane. This allows more water to move
from the tubular fluid into the bloodstream, concentrating the urine
and conserving body water. Aldosterone primarily increases sodium
reabsorption and potassium secretion.
A decrease in plasma osmolarity would normally cause which response?
A. Increased ADH secretion
B. Increased thirst
,C. Decreased ADH secretion
D. Increased renin secretion
Answer: C. Decreased ADH secretion
Rationale: When plasma osmolarity decreases, the hypothalamic
osmoreceptors detect that the blood is relatively dilute. ADH secretion
therefore decreases, reducing water reabsorption by the kidneys. The
resulting increase in water excretion helps restore plasma osmolarity
toward normal.
Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion
by the distal nephron?
A. Aldosterone
B. ADH
C. ANP
D. Calcitonin
Answer: A. Aldosterone
Rationale: Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex and acts
primarily on principal cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct.
It promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion. Water
follows retained sodium, contributing to maintenance of extracellular
fluid volume and blood pressure.
Renin is released by the kidneys primarily in response to which
condition?
,A. Increased renal perfusion pressure
B. Increased plasma sodium concentration
C. Decreased renal perfusion pressure
D. Increased blood volume
Answer: C. Decreased renal perfusion pressure
Rationale: Juxtaglomerular cells release renin when renal perfusion
pressure falls. Renin initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system,
ultimately producing angiotensin II and aldosterone. This system raises
blood pressure and promotes sodium and water retention.
Which substance is normally filtered at the glomerulus but almost
completely reabsorbed under normal conditions?
A. Glucose
B. Creatinine
C. Inulin
D. Albumin
Answer: A. Glucose
Rationale: Glucose is freely filtered at the glomerulus and normally
almost completely reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
through sodium-glucose cotransport mechanisms. Glucose begins
appearing in urine when plasma glucose exceeds the renal transport
maximum, as can occur in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
, The greatest percentage of filtered sodium and water is normally
reabsorbed in which nephron segment?
A. Descending limb of the loop of Henle
B. Proximal convoluted tubule
C. Distal convoluted tubule
D. Collecting duct
Answer: B. Proximal convoluted tubule
Rationale: The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs the majority of
filtered sodium and water, along with nutrients such as glucose and
amino acids. This segment is therefore essential for bulk recovery of
substances that the body needs to retain.
Which portion of the nephron is highly permeable to water but
relatively impermeable to sodium chloride?
A. Thick ascending limb
B. Descending limb of the loop of Henle
C. Distal convoluted tubule
D. Collecting duct in the absence of ADH
Answer: B. Descending limb of the loop of Henle
Rationale: The descending limb has high water permeability and allows
water to leave the tubular fluid in response to the hyperosmotic renal
medulla. In contrast, the thick ascending limb actively transports
sodium, potassium, and chloride while remaining relatively
impermeable to water.
RECENT EXAM 2026|2027 ACTUAL COMPLETE REAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+ |
GUARANTEED SUCCESS!! NEWEST EXAM | JUST
RELEASED!!
Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing water
reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidneys?
A. Aldosterone
B. Antidiuretic hormone
C. Atrial natriuretic peptide
D. Parathyroid hormone
Answer: B. Antidiuretic hormone
Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone, or ADH, increases the permeability of
the collecting ducts to water by promoting insertion of aquaporin-2
channels into the apical membrane. This allows more water to move
from the tubular fluid into the bloodstream, concentrating the urine
and conserving body water. Aldosterone primarily increases sodium
reabsorption and potassium secretion.
A decrease in plasma osmolarity would normally cause which response?
A. Increased ADH secretion
B. Increased thirst
,C. Decreased ADH secretion
D. Increased renin secretion
Answer: C. Decreased ADH secretion
Rationale: When plasma osmolarity decreases, the hypothalamic
osmoreceptors detect that the blood is relatively dilute. ADH secretion
therefore decreases, reducing water reabsorption by the kidneys. The
resulting increase in water excretion helps restore plasma osmolarity
toward normal.
Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion
by the distal nephron?
A. Aldosterone
B. ADH
C. ANP
D. Calcitonin
Answer: A. Aldosterone
Rationale: Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex and acts
primarily on principal cells of the late distal tubule and collecting duct.
It promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion. Water
follows retained sodium, contributing to maintenance of extracellular
fluid volume and blood pressure.
Renin is released by the kidneys primarily in response to which
condition?
,A. Increased renal perfusion pressure
B. Increased plasma sodium concentration
C. Decreased renal perfusion pressure
D. Increased blood volume
Answer: C. Decreased renal perfusion pressure
Rationale: Juxtaglomerular cells release renin when renal perfusion
pressure falls. Renin initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system,
ultimately producing angiotensin II and aldosterone. This system raises
blood pressure and promotes sodium and water retention.
Which substance is normally filtered at the glomerulus but almost
completely reabsorbed under normal conditions?
A. Glucose
B. Creatinine
C. Inulin
D. Albumin
Answer: A. Glucose
Rationale: Glucose is freely filtered at the glomerulus and normally
almost completely reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
through sodium-glucose cotransport mechanisms. Glucose begins
appearing in urine when plasma glucose exceeds the renal transport
maximum, as can occur in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
, The greatest percentage of filtered sodium and water is normally
reabsorbed in which nephron segment?
A. Descending limb of the loop of Henle
B. Proximal convoluted tubule
C. Distal convoluted tubule
D. Collecting duct
Answer: B. Proximal convoluted tubule
Rationale: The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs the majority of
filtered sodium and water, along with nutrients such as glucose and
amino acids. This segment is therefore essential for bulk recovery of
substances that the body needs to retain.
Which portion of the nephron is highly permeable to water but
relatively impermeable to sodium chloride?
A. Thick ascending limb
B. Descending limb of the loop of Henle
C. Distal convoluted tubule
D. Collecting duct in the absence of ADH
Answer: B. Descending limb of the loop of Henle
Rationale: The descending limb has high water permeability and allows
water to leave the tubular fluid in response to the hyperosmotic renal
medulla. In contrast, the thick ascending limb actively transports
sodium, potassium, and chloride while remaining relatively
impermeable to water.
