BIOD 152 MODULE 1-7 EXAMS AND FINAL
EXAM PORTAGE LEARNING Actual Exam
2026/2027 – Complete Exam-Style Questions |
100% Verified – Pass Guaranteed – A+ Graded
IOD 152 Comprehensive Final Exam Practice — 100 Questions
The Ultimate All-Systems Practice Test with Detailed Rationales
SECTION 1: Nervous System Fundamentals
1. The neuron pictured below has one axon and multiple dendrites. This neuron
is best classified as:
• A) Bipolar
• B) Multipolar
• C) Unipolar
• D) Anaxonic
Answer: B) Multipolar
Rationale: Multipolar neurons have one axon and multiple dendrites and are the
most common neuron type in the CNS. Bipolar neurons have one axon and one
dendrite (found in retina and olfactory epithelium). Unipolar neurons have a
single process that splits into a peripheral and central branch (found in sensory
ganglia).
2. During the depolarization phase of an action potential, which event occurs?
, • A) Potassium gates open and K⁺ rushes out; voltage drops to -70mV
• B) Sodium gates open and Na⁺ rushes in; voltage rises past zero to +40mV
• C) Chloride gates open and Cl⁻ rushes in; voltage remains at -70mV
• D) Calcium gates open and Ca²⁺ rushes in; voltage drops to -90mV
Answer: B) Sodium gates open and Na⁺ rushes in; voltage rises past zero to
+40mV
Rationale: During depolarization, voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing
Na⁺ to rush into the axon. The membrane potential rapidly rises from -70mV past
zero to approximately +40mV. Potassium efflux causes repolarization, not
depolarization.
3. During the afterpolarization (hyperpolarization) phase, the membrane
potential:
• A) Returns immediately to -70 mV
• B) Drops below -70 mV and then returns to -70 mV
• C) Remains at +40 mV
• D) Becomes more positive than +40 mV
Answer: B) Drops below -70 mV and then returns to -70 mV
Rationale: During hyperpolarization, voltage-gated potassium gates are slow to
close, causing an undershoot below -70mV. The membrane potential then returns
to the resting state of -70mV as potassium channels finally close.
4. Which of the following is true concerning the sodium-potassium pump?
• A) It maintains the depolarization phase of an axon
• B) For every two sodium ions pumped out, three potassium ions are
pumped in
, • C) For every three sodium ions pumped out, two potassium ions are
pumped in
• D) The overall effect is a positive charge on the outside of the membrane
Answer: C) For every three sodium ions pumped out, two potassium ions are
pumped in
Rationale: The sodium-potassium pump actively transports three sodium ions
out of the cell and two potassium ions in for each ATP consumed. This creates a
net loss of positive charge from inside the cell, contributing to the negative resting
membrane potential. Option D is incorrect because the overall effect is a negative
charge inside relative to outside.
5. True or False: A sensory neuron signaling the body of a light touch means that
the strength of the action potential is weaker than usual.
• A) True
• B) False
Answer: B) False
Rationale: Action potentials are all-or-none events; they do not vary in strength. A
light touch is coded by the frequency of action potentials, not their amplitude. A
stronger stimulus produces more frequent action potentials, not larger ones.
6. This layer of the meninges is tightly attached to the brain.
• A) Dura mater
• B) Arachnoid mater
• C) Pia mater
• D) Subdural space
Answer: C) Pia mater
Rationale: The pia mater is the innermost layer of the meninges and is highly
, vascularized. It adheres directly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord,
following all convolutions. The dura mater is the tough outermost layer, and
the arachnoid mater is the middle layer.
7. The ______ fissure separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
• A) Transverse
• B) Lateral
• C) Median longitudinal
• D) Central
Answer: C) Median longitudinal
Rationale: The median longitudinal fissure is a deep groove that divides the
cerebrum into the right and left cerebral hemispheres. The transverse
fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. The lateral sulcus separates
the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.
8. A patient is having difficulty producing speech sounds, but other motor
movements are normal. Which area of the brain is most likely damaged?
• A) Wernicke's area
• B) Broca's area
• C) Primary motor cortex
• D) Somatosensory cortex
Answer: B) Broca's area
Rationale: Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe, is responsible for the motor
production of speech. Damage causes expressive aphasia (difficulty producing
speech) while comprehension remains intact. Wernicke's area is responsible for
language comprehension; damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech.
EXAM PORTAGE LEARNING Actual Exam
2026/2027 – Complete Exam-Style Questions |
100% Verified – Pass Guaranteed – A+ Graded
IOD 152 Comprehensive Final Exam Practice — 100 Questions
The Ultimate All-Systems Practice Test with Detailed Rationales
SECTION 1: Nervous System Fundamentals
1. The neuron pictured below has one axon and multiple dendrites. This neuron
is best classified as:
• A) Bipolar
• B) Multipolar
• C) Unipolar
• D) Anaxonic
Answer: B) Multipolar
Rationale: Multipolar neurons have one axon and multiple dendrites and are the
most common neuron type in the CNS. Bipolar neurons have one axon and one
dendrite (found in retina and olfactory epithelium). Unipolar neurons have a
single process that splits into a peripheral and central branch (found in sensory
ganglia).
2. During the depolarization phase of an action potential, which event occurs?
, • A) Potassium gates open and K⁺ rushes out; voltage drops to -70mV
• B) Sodium gates open and Na⁺ rushes in; voltage rises past zero to +40mV
• C) Chloride gates open and Cl⁻ rushes in; voltage remains at -70mV
• D) Calcium gates open and Ca²⁺ rushes in; voltage drops to -90mV
Answer: B) Sodium gates open and Na⁺ rushes in; voltage rises past zero to
+40mV
Rationale: During depolarization, voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing
Na⁺ to rush into the axon. The membrane potential rapidly rises from -70mV past
zero to approximately +40mV. Potassium efflux causes repolarization, not
depolarization.
3. During the afterpolarization (hyperpolarization) phase, the membrane
potential:
• A) Returns immediately to -70 mV
• B) Drops below -70 mV and then returns to -70 mV
• C) Remains at +40 mV
• D) Becomes more positive than +40 mV
Answer: B) Drops below -70 mV and then returns to -70 mV
Rationale: During hyperpolarization, voltage-gated potassium gates are slow to
close, causing an undershoot below -70mV. The membrane potential then returns
to the resting state of -70mV as potassium channels finally close.
4. Which of the following is true concerning the sodium-potassium pump?
• A) It maintains the depolarization phase of an axon
• B) For every two sodium ions pumped out, three potassium ions are
pumped in
, • C) For every three sodium ions pumped out, two potassium ions are
pumped in
• D) The overall effect is a positive charge on the outside of the membrane
Answer: C) For every three sodium ions pumped out, two potassium ions are
pumped in
Rationale: The sodium-potassium pump actively transports three sodium ions
out of the cell and two potassium ions in for each ATP consumed. This creates a
net loss of positive charge from inside the cell, contributing to the negative resting
membrane potential. Option D is incorrect because the overall effect is a negative
charge inside relative to outside.
5. True or False: A sensory neuron signaling the body of a light touch means that
the strength of the action potential is weaker than usual.
• A) True
• B) False
Answer: B) False
Rationale: Action potentials are all-or-none events; they do not vary in strength. A
light touch is coded by the frequency of action potentials, not their amplitude. A
stronger stimulus produces more frequent action potentials, not larger ones.
6. This layer of the meninges is tightly attached to the brain.
• A) Dura mater
• B) Arachnoid mater
• C) Pia mater
• D) Subdural space
Answer: C) Pia mater
Rationale: The pia mater is the innermost layer of the meninges and is highly
, vascularized. It adheres directly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord,
following all convolutions. The dura mater is the tough outermost layer, and
the arachnoid mater is the middle layer.
7. The ______ fissure separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
• A) Transverse
• B) Lateral
• C) Median longitudinal
• D) Central
Answer: C) Median longitudinal
Rationale: The median longitudinal fissure is a deep groove that divides the
cerebrum into the right and left cerebral hemispheres. The transverse
fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. The lateral sulcus separates
the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.
8. A patient is having difficulty producing speech sounds, but other motor
movements are normal. Which area of the brain is most likely damaged?
• A) Wernicke's area
• B) Broca's area
• C) Primary motor cortex
• D) Somatosensory cortex
Answer: B) Broca's area
Rationale: Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe, is responsible for the motor
production of speech. Damage causes expressive aphasia (difficulty producing
speech) while comprehension remains intact. Wernicke's area is responsible for
language comprehension; damage causes fluent but nonsensical speech.
