BIOLOGY 1406 FINAL EXAM ACCURATE
VERIFIED
What is homeostasis - ANSWER-the process whereby living organisms regulate
their cells and bodies to maintain relatively stable internal conditions
What are the characteristics of living things - ANSWER-1. Cells and Organization
2. Energy use and metabolism
3. Response to environmental changes
4. Regulation and homeostasis
5. Growth and Development
6. Reproduction
7. Biological Evolution
atom - ANSWER-the smallest component of an element having the chemical
properties of the element
molecule - ANSWER-Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
macromolecule - ANSWER-many molecules bonded together to form a polymer
such a polypeptide (carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids are examples)
cell - ANSWER-the simplest unit of a living organism, composed of molecules and
macromolecules, form larger structures such as membranes
tissue - ANSWER-association of many cells of the same type
organ - ANSWER-two or more types of body tissues combined to perform a
common function
organism - ANSWER-a living thing that maintains an internal order that is separated
from the environment
population - ANSWER-group of individuals of the same species that occupy the
same environment and can interbreed with one another
community - ANSWER-an assemblage of populations of different species that live in
the same place at the same time
ecosystem - ANSWER-the biotic community of organisms in an area as well as the
abiotic environment affecting the community
biosphere - ANSWER-the regions on the surface of the earth and in the atmosphere
where living organisms exist
,What are the two mechanisms of evolutionary change - ANSWER-Vertical descent
and horizontal gene transfer
vertical descent - ANSWER-Progression of changes in lineage (a series of
ancestors). Occurs from generation to generation. New species evolve from pre-
existing species by accumulation of mutations (natural selection)
horizontal gene transfer - ANSWER-A process in which an organism incorporates
genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that
organism
What are the three domains - ANSWER-Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
What are the four kingdoms - ANSWER-animalia, fungi, plantae, and protista
bacteria - ANSWER-single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes
archaea - ANSWER-Single-celled, no nucleus, Live in harsh conditions
eukarya - ANSWER-Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including
protists, plants, fungi, and animals
protista - ANSWER-single-celled organism with nuclei (algae, protozoans)
plantae - ANSWER-A classification kingdom made up of eukaryotic, multicellular
organisms that have cell walls made mostly of cellulose, that have pigments that
absorb light, and that supply energy and oxygen to themselves and to other life-
forms through photosynthesis
animalia - ANSWER-Kingdom of the most complex organisms; multi-cellular,
heterotrophic, lack rigid cell walls, mobile, tissues in internal organs, sensory
organs, nervous system
taxonomy - ANSWER-the science of naming and classifying organisms
binomial nomenclature - ANSWER-a system for giving each organism a two-word
scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name
genomes - ANSWER-the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting
of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
proteomes - ANSWER-the complete complement of proteins that a cell or organism
can make
scientific method - ANSWER-a general approach to gathering information and
answering questions so that errors and biases are minimized
,Five Stages of Scientific Method - ANSWER-Observations, Hypothesis,
Experimentation, Data & Analysis, Accept/Reject Hypothesis
metabolism - ANSWER-All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
biological evolution - ANSWER-Changes in the genetic composition of a population
through successive generations.
theory - ANSWER-a broad explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is
substantiated by a large body of evidence; makes valid predictions
hypothesis - ANSWER-a proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon based on
previous observations or experimental studies
discovery-based science - ANSWER-the collection and analysis of data without the
need for a preconceived hypothesis
subatomic particles - ANSWER-protons, neutrons, and electrons
where are subatomic particles located - ANSWER-Protons and neutrons are found in
the nucleus and electrons are found in the electron shell
protons - ANSWER-positive- found in nucleus- same number as electrons
neutrons - ANSWER-neutral- found in nucleus- number can vary
electrons - ANSWER-negative- found in orbitals- same number as protons
why are atoms electrically neutral - ANSWER-they have an equal # of protons and
electrons
orbitals - ANSWER-Regions within electron shells where electrons orbit the nucleus
s orbitals - ANSWER-sphere shaped; hold 2 electrons
p orbitals - ANSWER-3 dumbbell/propeller shaped orbitals (2p); can hold 4 pairs of
electrons
1st shell - ANSWER-holds a max of 2 electrons; 1 spherical orbital (1s)
2nd shell - ANSWER-1 spherical orbital (2s) & 3 dumbbell shaped orbitals (2p) can
hold up to 8 electrons
What is the atomic number of an atom - ANSWER-The number of protons in the
nucleus of the atom
atomic mass - ANSWER-total mass of the protons and neutrons in an atom,
measured in atomic mass units
, molecules - ANSWER-Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical
bonds
ions - ANSWER-electrically charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons
ionic bonds - ANSWER-bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred
from one atom to another
covalent bonds - ANSWER-A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share
one pair of valence electrons
polar covalent bond - ANSWER-when two atoms with different electronegativites
form a covalent bond; the shared electrons are more likely to be in the outer shell
of the atom of higher electronegativity rather than the atom of lower
electronegativity
nonpolar covalent bond - ANSWER-a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons
are shared equally by the bonded atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution of
electrical charge
hydrogen bond - ANSWER-A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly
positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the
slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
which is the strongest chemical bond - ANSWER-covalent bond
occurs between atoms whose outer electron shells are not full; can share up to
three pairs of electrons - ANSWER-covalent bonds
occur because the distribution of electrons around the atoms creates a polarity, or
difference in electric charge, across the molecule - ANSWER-polar covalent bond
bonds between atoms with similar electronegativities - ANSWER-nonpolar covalent
bonds
cations - ANSWER-net positively charged ions
anions - ANSWER-ions with a negative charge
occur when a cation binds to an anion - ANSWER-ionic bonds
what type of bonding is likely to occur between two water molecules or strands of
DNA- - ANSWER-hydrogen bond
isotope - ANSWER-multiple forms of an element, differ in the number of neutrons
make up about 95% of the atoms in living organisms - ANSWER-hydrogen, oxygen,
VERIFIED
What is homeostasis - ANSWER-the process whereby living organisms regulate
their cells and bodies to maintain relatively stable internal conditions
What are the characteristics of living things - ANSWER-1. Cells and Organization
2. Energy use and metabolism
3. Response to environmental changes
4. Regulation and homeostasis
5. Growth and Development
6. Reproduction
7. Biological Evolution
atom - ANSWER-the smallest component of an element having the chemical
properties of the element
molecule - ANSWER-Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
macromolecule - ANSWER-many molecules bonded together to form a polymer
such a polypeptide (carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids are examples)
cell - ANSWER-the simplest unit of a living organism, composed of molecules and
macromolecules, form larger structures such as membranes
tissue - ANSWER-association of many cells of the same type
organ - ANSWER-two or more types of body tissues combined to perform a
common function
organism - ANSWER-a living thing that maintains an internal order that is separated
from the environment
population - ANSWER-group of individuals of the same species that occupy the
same environment and can interbreed with one another
community - ANSWER-an assemblage of populations of different species that live in
the same place at the same time
ecosystem - ANSWER-the biotic community of organisms in an area as well as the
abiotic environment affecting the community
biosphere - ANSWER-the regions on the surface of the earth and in the atmosphere
where living organisms exist
,What are the two mechanisms of evolutionary change - ANSWER-Vertical descent
and horizontal gene transfer
vertical descent - ANSWER-Progression of changes in lineage (a series of
ancestors). Occurs from generation to generation. New species evolve from pre-
existing species by accumulation of mutations (natural selection)
horizontal gene transfer - ANSWER-A process in which an organism incorporates
genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that
organism
What are the three domains - ANSWER-Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
What are the four kingdoms - ANSWER-animalia, fungi, plantae, and protista
bacteria - ANSWER-single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes
archaea - ANSWER-Single-celled, no nucleus, Live in harsh conditions
eukarya - ANSWER-Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including
protists, plants, fungi, and animals
protista - ANSWER-single-celled organism with nuclei (algae, protozoans)
plantae - ANSWER-A classification kingdom made up of eukaryotic, multicellular
organisms that have cell walls made mostly of cellulose, that have pigments that
absorb light, and that supply energy and oxygen to themselves and to other life-
forms through photosynthesis
animalia - ANSWER-Kingdom of the most complex organisms; multi-cellular,
heterotrophic, lack rigid cell walls, mobile, tissues in internal organs, sensory
organs, nervous system
taxonomy - ANSWER-the science of naming and classifying organisms
binomial nomenclature - ANSWER-a system for giving each organism a two-word
scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name
genomes - ANSWER-the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting
of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
proteomes - ANSWER-the complete complement of proteins that a cell or organism
can make
scientific method - ANSWER-a general approach to gathering information and
answering questions so that errors and biases are minimized
,Five Stages of Scientific Method - ANSWER-Observations, Hypothesis,
Experimentation, Data & Analysis, Accept/Reject Hypothesis
metabolism - ANSWER-All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
biological evolution - ANSWER-Changes in the genetic composition of a population
through successive generations.
theory - ANSWER-a broad explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is
substantiated by a large body of evidence; makes valid predictions
hypothesis - ANSWER-a proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon based on
previous observations or experimental studies
discovery-based science - ANSWER-the collection and analysis of data without the
need for a preconceived hypothesis
subatomic particles - ANSWER-protons, neutrons, and electrons
where are subatomic particles located - ANSWER-Protons and neutrons are found in
the nucleus and electrons are found in the electron shell
protons - ANSWER-positive- found in nucleus- same number as electrons
neutrons - ANSWER-neutral- found in nucleus- number can vary
electrons - ANSWER-negative- found in orbitals- same number as protons
why are atoms electrically neutral - ANSWER-they have an equal # of protons and
electrons
orbitals - ANSWER-Regions within electron shells where electrons orbit the nucleus
s orbitals - ANSWER-sphere shaped; hold 2 electrons
p orbitals - ANSWER-3 dumbbell/propeller shaped orbitals (2p); can hold 4 pairs of
electrons
1st shell - ANSWER-holds a max of 2 electrons; 1 spherical orbital (1s)
2nd shell - ANSWER-1 spherical orbital (2s) & 3 dumbbell shaped orbitals (2p) can
hold up to 8 electrons
What is the atomic number of an atom - ANSWER-The number of protons in the
nucleus of the atom
atomic mass - ANSWER-total mass of the protons and neutrons in an atom,
measured in atomic mass units
, molecules - ANSWER-Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical
bonds
ions - ANSWER-electrically charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons
ionic bonds - ANSWER-bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred
from one atom to another
covalent bonds - ANSWER-A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share
one pair of valence electrons
polar covalent bond - ANSWER-when two atoms with different electronegativites
form a covalent bond; the shared electrons are more likely to be in the outer shell
of the atom of higher electronegativity rather than the atom of lower
electronegativity
nonpolar covalent bond - ANSWER-a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons
are shared equally by the bonded atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution of
electrical charge
hydrogen bond - ANSWER-A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly
positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the
slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
which is the strongest chemical bond - ANSWER-covalent bond
occurs between atoms whose outer electron shells are not full; can share up to
three pairs of electrons - ANSWER-covalent bonds
occur because the distribution of electrons around the atoms creates a polarity, or
difference in electric charge, across the molecule - ANSWER-polar covalent bond
bonds between atoms with similar electronegativities - ANSWER-nonpolar covalent
bonds
cations - ANSWER-net positively charged ions
anions - ANSWER-ions with a negative charge
occur when a cation binds to an anion - ANSWER-ionic bonds
what type of bonding is likely to occur between two water molecules or strands of
DNA- - ANSWER-hydrogen bond
isotope - ANSWER-multiple forms of an element, differ in the number of neutrons
make up about 95% of the atoms in living organisms - ANSWER-hydrogen, oxygen,
