UNFOLDING REASONING FINAL
PAPER COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS
◉ What does proinsulin consist of. Answer: A chain and B cain
connected by C-peptide
◉ What does proinsulin turn into. Answer: insulin and C peptide
◉ half life of insulin. Answer: 6 minutes
-catabolized by kidney and liver
◉ half life of proinsulin and C peptide. Answer: 20 minutes
-catabolized by kidney
-longer than insulin
◉ What does C-peptide measure?. Answer: endogenous insulin
levels
(how much insulin your body is producing; how much insulin is in
the blood)
,◉ Which is a better representative of the amount of insulin in the
blood- C peptide or serum insulin?. Answer: C-peptide, due to longer
half life
insulin only has a half life of 3-5 minutes, so it is hard to detect in
labs
◉ what stimulates insulin secretion?. Answer: -metabolism of
glucose
- lesser extent, amino acid ingestion or vagal stimulation
◉ Glucose metabolism increases ______, which is sensed by the
__________ receptor, which leads to exocytosis of insulin.. Answer:
glucose metabolism increases ATP, which is sensed by sulfonylurea
receptor, which leads to exocytosis (release) of insulin
◉ how do sulfonylurea drugs work on insulin?. Answer: - work
directly on the receptor
- increase insulin output independent of glucose
-can cause hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), due to being
independent of glucose
,◉ how do incretins (GLP-1) work on insulin?. Answer: - enhance
insulin secretion when glucose is present
◉ what inhibits insulin secretion?. Answer: catecholamines
somatostatins
◉ What disease states would have a high C-peptide?. Answer: -
tumor in pancreas
-early stage of T2DM (hyperglycemia, high glucose, high insulin, high
C peptide)
◉ What disease states would have a low C-peptide?. Answer: -late
stage of T2DM (hypoglycemia, low glucose, low insulin, low C-
peptide)
-start exogenisis insulin (body stops producing its own insulin, low C
peptide)
◉ _______ promotes fuel storage and prevents breakdown of stored
fuel. Answer: insulin
◉ Role of liver insulin. Answer: -stimulates glycogen synthesis and
storage
-inhibits hepatic glucose output (inhibits gluconeogenesis) and
glycogen breakdown
, -stimulates glycolysis (metabolism of glucose to pyruvate)
-inhibits fatty acid oxidation and production of ketone bodies
(ketogenesis)
◉ Role of muscle insulin. Answer: - promote uptake and storage of
glucose by stimulating glycogen synthesis
- stimulates protein synthesis
◉ ______% of insulin stimulated glucose disposal goes into the
muscle. Answer: 85%
◉ Role of fat insulin. Answer: - stimulates lipogenesis (synthesis of
fatty acids from glucose) that produces VLDLs to deliver Tg to fatty
tissue (adipose) for storage
- prevents release of free fatty acids
◉ insulin vs glucagon effects in liver. Answer: insulin
-glycogenesis (produces glycogen)
-lipid synthesis
-prevent gluconeogenesis (decrease glucose)
-prevents ketogenesis (decrease ketones)
glucagon
PAPER COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS
◉ What does proinsulin consist of. Answer: A chain and B cain
connected by C-peptide
◉ What does proinsulin turn into. Answer: insulin and C peptide
◉ half life of insulin. Answer: 6 minutes
-catabolized by kidney and liver
◉ half life of proinsulin and C peptide. Answer: 20 minutes
-catabolized by kidney
-longer than insulin
◉ What does C-peptide measure?. Answer: endogenous insulin
levels
(how much insulin your body is producing; how much insulin is in
the blood)
,◉ Which is a better representative of the amount of insulin in the
blood- C peptide or serum insulin?. Answer: C-peptide, due to longer
half life
insulin only has a half life of 3-5 minutes, so it is hard to detect in
labs
◉ what stimulates insulin secretion?. Answer: -metabolism of
glucose
- lesser extent, amino acid ingestion or vagal stimulation
◉ Glucose metabolism increases ______, which is sensed by the
__________ receptor, which leads to exocytosis of insulin.. Answer:
glucose metabolism increases ATP, which is sensed by sulfonylurea
receptor, which leads to exocytosis (release) of insulin
◉ how do sulfonylurea drugs work on insulin?. Answer: - work
directly on the receptor
- increase insulin output independent of glucose
-can cause hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), due to being
independent of glucose
,◉ how do incretins (GLP-1) work on insulin?. Answer: - enhance
insulin secretion when glucose is present
◉ what inhibits insulin secretion?. Answer: catecholamines
somatostatins
◉ What disease states would have a high C-peptide?. Answer: -
tumor in pancreas
-early stage of T2DM (hyperglycemia, high glucose, high insulin, high
C peptide)
◉ What disease states would have a low C-peptide?. Answer: -late
stage of T2DM (hypoglycemia, low glucose, low insulin, low C-
peptide)
-start exogenisis insulin (body stops producing its own insulin, low C
peptide)
◉ _______ promotes fuel storage and prevents breakdown of stored
fuel. Answer: insulin
◉ Role of liver insulin. Answer: -stimulates glycogen synthesis and
storage
-inhibits hepatic glucose output (inhibits gluconeogenesis) and
glycogen breakdown
, -stimulates glycolysis (metabolism of glucose to pyruvate)
-inhibits fatty acid oxidation and production of ketone bodies
(ketogenesis)
◉ Role of muscle insulin. Answer: - promote uptake and storage of
glucose by stimulating glycogen synthesis
- stimulates protein synthesis
◉ ______% of insulin stimulated glucose disposal goes into the
muscle. Answer: 85%
◉ Role of fat insulin. Answer: - stimulates lipogenesis (synthesis of
fatty acids from glucose) that produces VLDLs to deliver Tg to fatty
tissue (adipose) for storage
- prevents release of free fatty acids
◉ insulin vs glucagon effects in liver. Answer: insulin
-glycogenesis (produces glycogen)
-lipid synthesis
-prevent gluconeogenesis (decrease glucose)
-prevents ketogenesis (decrease ketones)
glucagon
