UNFOLDING REASONING ACTUAL
TEST PAPER QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A PLUS
◉ The islets number in the millions and allow for reserve capacity
such that _____% of insulin secreting cells must lost before
dysfunction occurs. Answer: 70%
◉ What supplies the islets blood?. Answer: -each islet is supplied by
at least one major arteriole
◉ Where does blood from the islet cells drain into?. Answer: hepatic
portal veins
◉ 4 major islet cell types. Answer: beta cell (predominant- 60%) =
secrete insulin
alpha cells = secrete glucagon
delta cells = secrete somatostatin
PP cells = secrete pancreatic polypeptide
,◉ What do beta cells secrete. Answer: insulin
◉ what do alpha cells secrete. Answer: glucagon
◉ 2 key hormones that orchestrate fuel storage. Answer: insulin and
glucagon
◉ Relationship of insulin and glucagon and affects on blood glucose.
Answer: While glucagon keeps blood glucose from dropping too low
(glucagon raises blood glucose), insulin is produced to keep blood
glucose from rising too high (insulin lowers blood glucose)
The two hormones counterbalance each other to stabilize blood
glucose.
When blood glucose levels fall too low (low blood glucose), the
pancreas pumps out more glucagon. Glucagon raises blood glucose.
When blood glucose levels rise too high (high blood glucose), the
pancreas pumps out more insulin. Insulin allows the cells in the
muscles, fat and liver to absorb glucose that is in the blood. The
glucose serves as energy to these cells, or it can be converted into fat
when needed. Insulin lowers blood glucose
,◉ _________ maintains normal glucose levels during periods of fasting.
Answer: Glucagon
◉ What produced Glucagon. Answer: alpha cells
◉ Where is proglucagon expressed?. Answer: -pancreatic islet alpha
cells
-Intestinal enteroendocrine L cells.
- brain
◉ The processing of proglucagon in the intestine result in
____________. Answer: glucagon-like peptides (GLP 1)
◉ GLP-1 acts as an ________. Answer: incretin
◉ incretin. Answer: a hormone produced by the intestine which
increases insulin synthesis and release from the pancreas
◉ Does GLP-1 have the same or opposite effect as glucagon?.
Answer: opposite
, GLP-1 enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (when glucose
is present, GLP-1 increase secretion of insulin, which lower blood
glucose)
Glucagon raises blood glucose
◉ What type of diabetes are GLP analogs used to treat?. Answer:
T2DM
◉ What inhibits glucagon secretion?. Answer: - intake of glucose
directly (example is by eating)
- indirectly via insulin release
◉ What stimulates glucagon secretion?. Answer: -amino acids
-caetcholamines
-cortisol
◉ half life of glucagon. Answer: 3-6 minutes
◉ Glucagon maintains normal glucose by opposing the effects of
insulin by...... Answer: - increase hepatic glucose output via release of
glycogen stores
- increase hepatic glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis)
TEST PAPER QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A PLUS
◉ The islets number in the millions and allow for reserve capacity
such that _____% of insulin secreting cells must lost before
dysfunction occurs. Answer: 70%
◉ What supplies the islets blood?. Answer: -each islet is supplied by
at least one major arteriole
◉ Where does blood from the islet cells drain into?. Answer: hepatic
portal veins
◉ 4 major islet cell types. Answer: beta cell (predominant- 60%) =
secrete insulin
alpha cells = secrete glucagon
delta cells = secrete somatostatin
PP cells = secrete pancreatic polypeptide
,◉ What do beta cells secrete. Answer: insulin
◉ what do alpha cells secrete. Answer: glucagon
◉ 2 key hormones that orchestrate fuel storage. Answer: insulin and
glucagon
◉ Relationship of insulin and glucagon and affects on blood glucose.
Answer: While glucagon keeps blood glucose from dropping too low
(glucagon raises blood glucose), insulin is produced to keep blood
glucose from rising too high (insulin lowers blood glucose)
The two hormones counterbalance each other to stabilize blood
glucose.
When blood glucose levels fall too low (low blood glucose), the
pancreas pumps out more glucagon. Glucagon raises blood glucose.
When blood glucose levels rise too high (high blood glucose), the
pancreas pumps out more insulin. Insulin allows the cells in the
muscles, fat and liver to absorb glucose that is in the blood. The
glucose serves as energy to these cells, or it can be converted into fat
when needed. Insulin lowers blood glucose
,◉ _________ maintains normal glucose levels during periods of fasting.
Answer: Glucagon
◉ What produced Glucagon. Answer: alpha cells
◉ Where is proglucagon expressed?. Answer: -pancreatic islet alpha
cells
-Intestinal enteroendocrine L cells.
- brain
◉ The processing of proglucagon in the intestine result in
____________. Answer: glucagon-like peptides (GLP 1)
◉ GLP-1 acts as an ________. Answer: incretin
◉ incretin. Answer: a hormone produced by the intestine which
increases insulin synthesis and release from the pancreas
◉ Does GLP-1 have the same or opposite effect as glucagon?.
Answer: opposite
, GLP-1 enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (when glucose
is present, GLP-1 increase secretion of insulin, which lower blood
glucose)
Glucagon raises blood glucose
◉ What type of diabetes are GLP analogs used to treat?. Answer:
T2DM
◉ What inhibits glucagon secretion?. Answer: - intake of glucose
directly (example is by eating)
- indirectly via insulin release
◉ What stimulates glucagon secretion?. Answer: -amino acids
-caetcholamines
-cortisol
◉ half life of glucagon. Answer: 3-6 minutes
◉ Glucagon maintains normal glucose by opposing the effects of
insulin by...... Answer: - increase hepatic glucose output via release of
glycogen stores
- increase hepatic glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis)
