NURS 231 / BIOD 331 Pathophysiology
Module 4 Portage Learning 2026/2027 –
Questions and Answers | 100% Verified
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Question 1
Which of the following is the primary mechanism responsible for edema
formation?
A. Increased plasma albumin concentration
B. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
D. Increased lymphatic drainage
Answer: C. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Rationale: Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure forces more fluid
out of the vascular space into the interstitial tissues, contributing to
edema formation. Conditions such as heart failure commonly cause this
type of edema.
Question 2
Which electrolyte abnormality is most commonly associated with
cardiac dysrhythmias?
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Hypokalemia
,C. Hypermagnesemia
D. Hyperphosphatemia
Answer: B. Hypokalemia
Rationale: Potassium plays a critical role in cardiac electrical activity.
Low potassium levels can alter cardiac conduction and increase the risk
of dangerous dysrhythmias.
Question 3
What is the primary function of inflammation?
A. Destroy healthy tissue
B. Promote oxygen depletion
C. Eliminate the cause of injury and initiate repair
D. Reduce blood flow to damaged tissues
Answer: C. Eliminate the cause of injury and initiate repair
Rationale: Inflammation is a protective response that removes harmful
stimuli, destroys pathogens, clears damaged tissue, and promotes
healing.
Question 4
Which white blood cell is most commonly elevated during acute
bacterial infections?
A. Eosinophil
B. Basophil
C. Neutrophil
D. Monocyte
,Answer: C. Neutrophil
Rationale: Neutrophils are the body's first responders to bacterial
infections and typically increase significantly during acute bacterial
illnesses.
Question 5
An increase in hematocrit is most likely associated with:
A. Hemorrhage
B. Dehydration
C. Iron deficiency anemia
D. Leukemia
Answer: B. Dehydration
Rationale: Dehydration reduces plasma volume, resulting in a relative
increase in red blood cell concentration and hematocrit levels.
Question 6
Which type of shock results from widespread vasodilation and decreased
systemic vascular resistance?
A. Cardiogenic shock
B. Hypovolemic shock
C. Neurogenic shock
D. Obstructive shock
Answer: C. Neurogenic shock
, Rationale: Neurogenic shock occurs due to loss of sympathetic vascular
tone, leading to widespread vasodilation, hypotension, and decreased
peripheral resistance.
Question 7
What is the hallmark clinical manifestation of left-sided heart failure?
A. Peripheral edema
B. Pulmonary congestion
C. Hepatomegaly
D. Ascites
Answer: B. Pulmonary congestion
Rationale: Left-sided heart failure causes blood to back up into the
pulmonary circulation, resulting in pulmonary edema and congestion.
Question 8
Which laboratory value is most indicative of impaired kidney function?
A. Elevated hemoglobin
B. Elevated creatinine
C. Low sodium
D. High calcium
Answer: B. Elevated creatinine
Rationale: Serum creatinine increases when the kidneys are unable to
adequately filter waste products from the blood.
Module 4 Portage Learning 2026/2027 –
Questions and Answers | 100% Verified
| Detailed Rationales – Pass Guaranteed
– Already Graded A+| Instant Download
Question 1
Which of the following is the primary mechanism responsible for edema
formation?
A. Increased plasma albumin concentration
B. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
D. Increased lymphatic drainage
Answer: C. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Rationale: Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure forces more fluid
out of the vascular space into the interstitial tissues, contributing to
edema formation. Conditions such as heart failure commonly cause this
type of edema.
Question 2
Which electrolyte abnormality is most commonly associated with
cardiac dysrhythmias?
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Hypokalemia
,C. Hypermagnesemia
D. Hyperphosphatemia
Answer: B. Hypokalemia
Rationale: Potassium plays a critical role in cardiac electrical activity.
Low potassium levels can alter cardiac conduction and increase the risk
of dangerous dysrhythmias.
Question 3
What is the primary function of inflammation?
A. Destroy healthy tissue
B. Promote oxygen depletion
C. Eliminate the cause of injury and initiate repair
D. Reduce blood flow to damaged tissues
Answer: C. Eliminate the cause of injury and initiate repair
Rationale: Inflammation is a protective response that removes harmful
stimuli, destroys pathogens, clears damaged tissue, and promotes
healing.
Question 4
Which white blood cell is most commonly elevated during acute
bacterial infections?
A. Eosinophil
B. Basophil
C. Neutrophil
D. Monocyte
,Answer: C. Neutrophil
Rationale: Neutrophils are the body's first responders to bacterial
infections and typically increase significantly during acute bacterial
illnesses.
Question 5
An increase in hematocrit is most likely associated with:
A. Hemorrhage
B. Dehydration
C. Iron deficiency anemia
D. Leukemia
Answer: B. Dehydration
Rationale: Dehydration reduces plasma volume, resulting in a relative
increase in red blood cell concentration and hematocrit levels.
Question 6
Which type of shock results from widespread vasodilation and decreased
systemic vascular resistance?
A. Cardiogenic shock
B. Hypovolemic shock
C. Neurogenic shock
D. Obstructive shock
Answer: C. Neurogenic shock
, Rationale: Neurogenic shock occurs due to loss of sympathetic vascular
tone, leading to widespread vasodilation, hypotension, and decreased
peripheral resistance.
Question 7
What is the hallmark clinical manifestation of left-sided heart failure?
A. Peripheral edema
B. Pulmonary congestion
C. Hepatomegaly
D. Ascites
Answer: B. Pulmonary congestion
Rationale: Left-sided heart failure causes blood to back up into the
pulmonary circulation, resulting in pulmonary edema and congestion.
Question 8
Which laboratory value is most indicative of impaired kidney function?
A. Elevated hemoglobin
B. Elevated creatinine
C. Low sodium
D. High calcium
Answer: B. Elevated creatinine
Rationale: Serum creatinine increases when the kidneys are unable to
adequately filter waste products from the blood.
