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1. Gut microflora
Answer Metabolic activities salvaging energy and nutrients, trophic effects on intestinal cells,
and protection from pathogens.
2. Colonic microflora
Answer Ferments dietary residue, synthesizes vitamin K, and absorbs calcium, magnesium,
and iron.
3. Vitamin K
Answer Synthesized by colonic flora, crucial for clotting.
4. Celiac disease
Answer Requires gluten-free diet, avoiding wheat, barley, and rye.
5. NSAIDs
Answer Medications impacting gastric mucosa, increasing GI bleeding risk.
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, 6. Bilirubin elimination
Answer Excreted in urine and stool.
7. Bile production
Answer Produced by the liver, stored in gallbladder, aids in fat emulsification.
8. Bile function
Answer Bile salts emulsify fats, transport fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins.
9. Hepatitis A
Answer Transmitted fecal-orally.
10. Hepatitis B
Answer Transmitted via blood, serum, oral, or sexual contact.
11. Hepatitis C
Answer Transmitted via blood, bodily secretions, common in IV drug use.
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