Nutrition, An Applied Approach Final
Exam QUESTIONS AND COMPLETE
ANSWERS
coenzyme - CORRECT ANSWER-a molecule that
combines with an enzyme to activate it and help it
do its job
beriberi - CORRECT ANSWER-a disease of
muscle wasting and nerve damage caused by
thiamin deficiency
goiter - CORRECT ANSWER-enlargement of the
thyroid gland; can be caused by either iodine
toxicity or deficiency
plasma - CORRECT ANSWER-the fluid portion of
the blood; needed to maintain adequate blood
volume, so that the blood can flow easily
throughout our body
hemoglobin - CORRECT ANSWER-the oxygen-
carrying protein found in our red blood cells;
almost two-thirds of all the iron in our body is
found in hemoglobin
,dietary supplement - CORRECT ANSWER-a
product taken by mouth that contains a "dietary
ingredient" intended to supplement the diet
collagen - CORRECT ANSWER-a protein that
forms strong fibers in bone and connective tissue
cortical bone (compact bone) - CORRECT
ANSWER-a dense bone tissue that makes up the
outer surface of all bones as well as the entirety of
most small bones of the body
trabecular bone (spongy bone) - CORRECT
ANSWER-a porous bone tissues that makes up
only 20% of our skeleton and is found within the
ends of the long bones, inside the spinal
vertebrae, inside the flat bones (sternum, ribs,
and most bones of the skull), and inside the
bones of the pelvis
bone density - CORRECT ANSWER-the degree
of compactness of bone tissue, reflecting the
strength of the bones; peak bone density is the
point at which a bone is strongest
,remodeling - CORRECT ANSWER-the two-step
process by which bone tissue is recycled;
includes the breakdown of existing bone and the
formation of new bone
resorption - CORRECT ANSWER-the process by
which the surface of bone is broken down by cells
called osteoclasts
osteoclasts - CORRECT ANSWER-cells that
erode the surface of bones by secreting enzymes
and acids that dig grooves into the bone matrix
osteoblasts - CORRECT ANSWER-cells that
prompt the formation of new bone matrix by laying
down the collagen-containing component of bone,
which is then mineralized
parathyroid hormone (PTH) - CORRECT
ANSWER-a hormone secreted by the parathyroid
gland when blood calcium levels falls; also known
as parathormone, it increases blood calcium
levels by stimulating the activation of vitamin D,
increasing reabsorption of calcium from the
kidneys, and stimulating osteoclasts to break
, down bone, which releases more calcium into the
bloodstream
bioavailability - CORRECT ANSWER-the degree
to which our body can absorb and utilize any
given nutrient
osteoporosis - CORRECT ANSWER-a disease
characterized by low bone mass and deterioration
of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility
and fracture risk
amino acids - CORRECT ANSWER-nitrogen-
containing molecules that combine to form
proteins
essential amino acids - CORRECT ANSWER-
amino acids not produced by the body that must
be obtained from food
nonessential amino acids - CORRECT ANSWER-
amino acids that can be manufactured by the
body in sufficient quantities and therefore do not
need to be consumed regularly in our diet
Exam QUESTIONS AND COMPLETE
ANSWERS
coenzyme - CORRECT ANSWER-a molecule that
combines with an enzyme to activate it and help it
do its job
beriberi - CORRECT ANSWER-a disease of
muscle wasting and nerve damage caused by
thiamin deficiency
goiter - CORRECT ANSWER-enlargement of the
thyroid gland; can be caused by either iodine
toxicity or deficiency
plasma - CORRECT ANSWER-the fluid portion of
the blood; needed to maintain adequate blood
volume, so that the blood can flow easily
throughout our body
hemoglobin - CORRECT ANSWER-the oxygen-
carrying protein found in our red blood cells;
almost two-thirds of all the iron in our body is
found in hemoglobin
,dietary supplement - CORRECT ANSWER-a
product taken by mouth that contains a "dietary
ingredient" intended to supplement the diet
collagen - CORRECT ANSWER-a protein that
forms strong fibers in bone and connective tissue
cortical bone (compact bone) - CORRECT
ANSWER-a dense bone tissue that makes up the
outer surface of all bones as well as the entirety of
most small bones of the body
trabecular bone (spongy bone) - CORRECT
ANSWER-a porous bone tissues that makes up
only 20% of our skeleton and is found within the
ends of the long bones, inside the spinal
vertebrae, inside the flat bones (sternum, ribs,
and most bones of the skull), and inside the
bones of the pelvis
bone density - CORRECT ANSWER-the degree
of compactness of bone tissue, reflecting the
strength of the bones; peak bone density is the
point at which a bone is strongest
,remodeling - CORRECT ANSWER-the two-step
process by which bone tissue is recycled;
includes the breakdown of existing bone and the
formation of new bone
resorption - CORRECT ANSWER-the process by
which the surface of bone is broken down by cells
called osteoclasts
osteoclasts - CORRECT ANSWER-cells that
erode the surface of bones by secreting enzymes
and acids that dig grooves into the bone matrix
osteoblasts - CORRECT ANSWER-cells that
prompt the formation of new bone matrix by laying
down the collagen-containing component of bone,
which is then mineralized
parathyroid hormone (PTH) - CORRECT
ANSWER-a hormone secreted by the parathyroid
gland when blood calcium levels falls; also known
as parathormone, it increases blood calcium
levels by stimulating the activation of vitamin D,
increasing reabsorption of calcium from the
kidneys, and stimulating osteoclasts to break
, down bone, which releases more calcium into the
bloodstream
bioavailability - CORRECT ANSWER-the degree
to which our body can absorb and utilize any
given nutrient
osteoporosis - CORRECT ANSWER-a disease
characterized by low bone mass and deterioration
of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility
and fracture risk
amino acids - CORRECT ANSWER-nitrogen-
containing molecules that combine to form
proteins
essential amino acids - CORRECT ANSWER-
amino acids not produced by the body that must
be obtained from food
nonessential amino acids - CORRECT ANSWER-
amino acids that can be manufactured by the
body in sufficient quantities and therefore do not
need to be consumed regularly in our diet
