NR 222 Health and Wellness Exam 1: Comprehensive
2026/2027 Review (Questions with Answers & Rationales) –
Health Promotion Models, Stress & Coping, Sleep Health,
Nutrition, Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ethics, Professional
Identity & Cultural Competence
INTRODUCTION
The questions are organized across four core domains: Health Promotion and
Wellness Models; Stress, Coping, and Sleep Health; Nutrition, Physical Activity,
and Lifestyle; and Ethics, Professional Identity, and Cultural Competence. Content
is original and aligned to the 2026/2027 academic year, emphasizing clinical
reasoning and foundational nursing knowledge required for actual exam readiness
and clinical proficiency.
Domain 1: Health Promotion and Wellness Models
Question 1. Which statement best describes the primary focus of Pender's
Health Promotion Model?
A. Individual characteristics, behavior-specific cognitions, and behavioral
outcomes that influence health-promoting behavior
B. Avoidance of disease through medical screening only
C. Strict adherence to prescribed medication regimens
D. Elimination of all environmental risk factors
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pender's Health Promotion Model emphasizes the interaction of
individual characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and affect,
and behavioral outcomes as determinants of health-promoting behavior. It moves
beyond a disease-avoidance focus to proactive wellness.
Question 2. According to the Health Belief Model, which factor most directly
influences a person's decision to engage in a health-related action?
A. The number of health care providers available in the community
B. The perceived benefits of the action weighed against perceived barriers
C. The client's chronological age alone
D. The cost of health insurance premiums
,Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Health Belief Model posits that health-related action depends on
perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers,
cues to action, and self-efficacy. The balance of perceived benefits versus barriers
is a core determinant.
Question 3. Which level of prevention is illustrated by a community blood-
pressure screening event?
A. Primary prevention
B. Tertiary prevention
C. Secondary prevention
D. Quaternary prevention
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and prompt
intervention to limit the progression of disease. Blood-pressure screening identifies
hypertension before complications arise.
Question 4. Which action is an example of primary prevention?
A. Administering insulin to a client with diabetes
B. Providing immunizations to a healthy infant
C. Referring a client to cardiac rehabilitation
D. Performing a mammogram for early cancer detection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Primary prevention aims to prevent disease onset before it occurs.
Immunizations protect against infectious diseases in healthy individuals.
Question 5. A nurse is teaching a client with a recent stroke how to perform
range-of-motion exercises to prevent contractures. This is an example of:
A. Primary prevention
B. Secondary prevention
C. Tertiary prevention
D. Quaternary prevention
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation and reducing disability
from an established disease. Preventing contractures after a stroke is a tertiary
prevention strategy.
,Question 6. In the Transtheoretical Model of Change, a client who is unaware
of a need to change and has no intention of taking action is in which stage?
A. Precontemplation
B. Contemplation
C. Preparation
D. Action
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Precontemplation is the stage where individuals are not yet
acknowledging that there is a problem behavior that needs to be changed.
Question 7. A client states, "I know I need to quit smoking, and I have bought
nicotine patches to start next week." Which stage of change is this client in?
A. Precontemplation
B. Contemplation
C. Preparation
D. Maintenance
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In the Preparation stage, individuals are intending to take action in the
immediate future and may have already taken small steps, such as buying nicotine
patches.
Question 8. What is the primary goal of Healthy People 2030?
A. To eliminate all chronic diseases by 2030
B. To increase the cost of healthcare
C. To create social, physical, and economic environments that promote attaining
full potential for health and well-being
D. To provide free healthcare to all citizens
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Healthy People 2030 sets national objectives to improve health and
well-being, focusing on creating environments that promote health equity and
improve quality of life.
Question 9. According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which level must be
met before a client can focus on health promotion activities like exercise and
nutrition?
A. Self-actualization
B. Esteem needs
, C. Physiological needs
D. Love and belonging
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Physiological needs (e.g., food, water, shelter, oxygen) are the most
basic needs and must be met before an individual can address higher-level needs
like health promotion.
Question 10. Which model emphasizes the nurse's role in helping clients move
toward optimal health by assessing their readiness to change?
A. The Transtheoretical Model
B. The Biomedical Model
C. The Health Belief Model
D. The Ecological Model
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change) is specifically designed
to assess an individual's readiness to change and tailor interventions to their
current stage.
Question 11. A nurse is assessing a client's perception of their susceptibility to
a heart attack. This assessment is a key component of which model?
A. Pender's Health Promotion Model
B. The Health Belief Model
C. The Transtheoretical Model
D. The Social Cognitive Theory
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Health Belief Model includes perceived susceptibility (the belief
about the chances of experiencing a risk or getting a condition) as a core
construct.
Question 12. What is the definition of health according to the World Health
Organization (WHO)?
A. The absence of disease or infirmity
B. A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
C. The ability to perform activities of daily living
D. A state of optimal physical fitness
2026/2027 Review (Questions with Answers & Rationales) –
Health Promotion Models, Stress & Coping, Sleep Health,
Nutrition, Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ethics, Professional
Identity & Cultural Competence
INTRODUCTION
The questions are organized across four core domains: Health Promotion and
Wellness Models; Stress, Coping, and Sleep Health; Nutrition, Physical Activity,
and Lifestyle; and Ethics, Professional Identity, and Cultural Competence. Content
is original and aligned to the 2026/2027 academic year, emphasizing clinical
reasoning and foundational nursing knowledge required for actual exam readiness
and clinical proficiency.
Domain 1: Health Promotion and Wellness Models
Question 1. Which statement best describes the primary focus of Pender's
Health Promotion Model?
A. Individual characteristics, behavior-specific cognitions, and behavioral
outcomes that influence health-promoting behavior
B. Avoidance of disease through medical screening only
C. Strict adherence to prescribed medication regimens
D. Elimination of all environmental risk factors
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pender's Health Promotion Model emphasizes the interaction of
individual characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and affect,
and behavioral outcomes as determinants of health-promoting behavior. It moves
beyond a disease-avoidance focus to proactive wellness.
Question 2. According to the Health Belief Model, which factor most directly
influences a person's decision to engage in a health-related action?
A. The number of health care providers available in the community
B. The perceived benefits of the action weighed against perceived barriers
C. The client's chronological age alone
D. The cost of health insurance premiums
,Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Health Belief Model posits that health-related action depends on
perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers,
cues to action, and self-efficacy. The balance of perceived benefits versus barriers
is a core determinant.
Question 3. Which level of prevention is illustrated by a community blood-
pressure screening event?
A. Primary prevention
B. Tertiary prevention
C. Secondary prevention
D. Quaternary prevention
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and prompt
intervention to limit the progression of disease. Blood-pressure screening identifies
hypertension before complications arise.
Question 4. Which action is an example of primary prevention?
A. Administering insulin to a client with diabetes
B. Providing immunizations to a healthy infant
C. Referring a client to cardiac rehabilitation
D. Performing a mammogram for early cancer detection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Primary prevention aims to prevent disease onset before it occurs.
Immunizations protect against infectious diseases in healthy individuals.
Question 5. A nurse is teaching a client with a recent stroke how to perform
range-of-motion exercises to prevent contractures. This is an example of:
A. Primary prevention
B. Secondary prevention
C. Tertiary prevention
D. Quaternary prevention
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation and reducing disability
from an established disease. Preventing contractures after a stroke is a tertiary
prevention strategy.
,Question 6. In the Transtheoretical Model of Change, a client who is unaware
of a need to change and has no intention of taking action is in which stage?
A. Precontemplation
B. Contemplation
C. Preparation
D. Action
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Precontemplation is the stage where individuals are not yet
acknowledging that there is a problem behavior that needs to be changed.
Question 7. A client states, "I know I need to quit smoking, and I have bought
nicotine patches to start next week." Which stage of change is this client in?
A. Precontemplation
B. Contemplation
C. Preparation
D. Maintenance
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In the Preparation stage, individuals are intending to take action in the
immediate future and may have already taken small steps, such as buying nicotine
patches.
Question 8. What is the primary goal of Healthy People 2030?
A. To eliminate all chronic diseases by 2030
B. To increase the cost of healthcare
C. To create social, physical, and economic environments that promote attaining
full potential for health and well-being
D. To provide free healthcare to all citizens
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Healthy People 2030 sets national objectives to improve health and
well-being, focusing on creating environments that promote health equity and
improve quality of life.
Question 9. According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which level must be
met before a client can focus on health promotion activities like exercise and
nutrition?
A. Self-actualization
B. Esteem needs
, C. Physiological needs
D. Love and belonging
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Physiological needs (e.g., food, water, shelter, oxygen) are the most
basic needs and must be met before an individual can address higher-level needs
like health promotion.
Question 10. Which model emphasizes the nurse's role in helping clients move
toward optimal health by assessing their readiness to change?
A. The Transtheoretical Model
B. The Biomedical Model
C. The Health Belief Model
D. The Ecological Model
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change) is specifically designed
to assess an individual's readiness to change and tailor interventions to their
current stage.
Question 11. A nurse is assessing a client's perception of their susceptibility to
a heart attack. This assessment is a key component of which model?
A. Pender's Health Promotion Model
B. The Health Belief Model
C. The Transtheoretical Model
D. The Social Cognitive Theory
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Health Belief Model includes perceived susceptibility (the belief
about the chances of experiencing a risk or getting a condition) as a core
construct.
Question 12. What is the definition of health according to the World Health
Organization (WHO)?
A. The absence of disease or infirmity
B. A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
C. The ability to perform activities of daily living
D. A state of optimal physical fitness
