CCBC BIO 110 Final Questions with VERIFIED Answers (Guaranteed
Success)
Q1: endosymbiosis.
Answer: may have occurred when larger cells ingested smaller ones- mitochondria -- engulfed
prokaryotic organisms-chloroplasts-- larger eukaryotes ingested photosynthetic prokaryotes
Q2: clonal deletion.
Answer: occurs when t and b cells are made to recognize self
Q3: antifreeze proteins.
Answer: in solid water, each water molecule forms bonds with four other molecules -the problem with
water-- when begins to freeze many small crystals form, but a few small crystals dominate and grow
larger and larger , stealing water molecules from the surrounding small crystals and may rupture the
cell -antifreeze proteins counteract this recrystallization effect they bind to the surface of the small ice
crystals and slow or prevent the growth into larger dangerous crystals. -flat, hydrophilic face of the
molecule absorbs to surface of ice crystal - hydrophobic face repels liquid water molecules, inhibiting
further crystal growth. -this makes it thermodynamically unfavorable for water molecules to add to the
ice lattice mimicry of ice structure
Q4: What type of bond is formed 2 nucleotides in a single strand of DNA?.
Answer: phospho-diester bond
Q5: If goal were to create a synthetic protein that might function similar to a mucin what structure
might you design?.
Answer: A charged amino acid with ionic bonds to attract water and beta turns, which will act as
transport for hydrophilic molecules.
Q6: If a solution has a pH of 5, how many more or less H ions are present than in a solution with pH 6?.
Answer: A solution with a pH of 5 has 10x more H ions that a solution with a pH of 6. A pH of 5 means
there is a concentration of 10-5 H ions present. A pH of 6 means there is 10-6 H ions present.
,Q7: our cells create long polypeptides and then cleave them into smaller chains. Why?.
Answer: It is more efficient; large protein has two polypeptides and are already folded correctly before
they are clipped.
Q8: What type of bond is formed between a glycerol and fatty acids?.
Answer: Ester bond
Q9: A group of macromolecules that have many different functions are.
Answer: proteins
Q10: Positive Regulation.
Answer: anything that makes transcription more likely; up-regulation of a gene.
Q11: DNA structure.
Answer: phosphate and sugar lie on the outside , bases inward -purines= A and G -pyrimidines= T and C
Q12: phosphodiester bond.
Answer: bond in the backbone of Dna links a phosphate and the sugar (one bond to a 5' carbon and
one to a 3' carbon) - the phosphodiester bonds link successive nucleotide units - the backbone of
alternating pentose and phosphate groups in both types of nucleic acid is highly polar -covalent - the
breaking of two phosphates energizes phosphodiester bonds.
Q13: Why not only use carbs?.
Answer: it takes a lt takes up more space to store glucose than lipids; lipids are less oxidized so they
contain more energy per carbon
Q14: What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?.
Answer: Dehydration synthesis builds molecules and hydrolysis breaks them down
Q15: tertiary structure of protein.
Answer: Interaction of R groups of different amino acids, contortions in shape, disulfide bridges
, Q16: What bonds are present in each of the four different levels of protein structure?.
Answer: Primary-PeptideSecondary- HydrogenTertiary- Hydrogen, Covalent, and
IonicQuaternary-Hydrogen, Covalent, Ionic
Q17: Dickerson Dodecamer.
Answer: 5' to 3' over 3' to 5' - some bases in the dodecamer were twisted slightly-- not a feature of the
watson and crick model - the slight departure from the perfect watson and crick model is due to
sequence differences
Q18: A polysaccharide composed of the same subunits, but linked together differently so that most
organisms cannot digest it is ________________ . This is known as dietary fiber..
Answer: starch
Q19: based on your current knowledge of bio, do you have any reservations with the following
statement: the only info important to heredity is found in the DNA sequence..
Answer: histones are proteins and DNA wraps around it. The tightness of the wrap affects gene
expression.
Q20: Cell Cycle.
Answer: an effective cell cycle control system should have the following: - a timer, that turns on each
event at a specific time, this providing a fixed amount of time for the completion of each event -a
mechanism for initiating events in the correct order; entry into mitosis -robustness: back up
mechanisms - adaptability -a mechanism to ensure that each event is triggered only once per cycle
-binary (on/off) switches that trigger events in a complete, irreversible fashion.
Success)
Q1: endosymbiosis.
Answer: may have occurred when larger cells ingested smaller ones- mitochondria -- engulfed
prokaryotic organisms-chloroplasts-- larger eukaryotes ingested photosynthetic prokaryotes
Q2: clonal deletion.
Answer: occurs when t and b cells are made to recognize self
Q3: antifreeze proteins.
Answer: in solid water, each water molecule forms bonds with four other molecules -the problem with
water-- when begins to freeze many small crystals form, but a few small crystals dominate and grow
larger and larger , stealing water molecules from the surrounding small crystals and may rupture the
cell -antifreeze proteins counteract this recrystallization effect they bind to the surface of the small ice
crystals and slow or prevent the growth into larger dangerous crystals. -flat, hydrophilic face of the
molecule absorbs to surface of ice crystal - hydrophobic face repels liquid water molecules, inhibiting
further crystal growth. -this makes it thermodynamically unfavorable for water molecules to add to the
ice lattice mimicry of ice structure
Q4: What type of bond is formed 2 nucleotides in a single strand of DNA?.
Answer: phospho-diester bond
Q5: If goal were to create a synthetic protein that might function similar to a mucin what structure
might you design?.
Answer: A charged amino acid with ionic bonds to attract water and beta turns, which will act as
transport for hydrophilic molecules.
Q6: If a solution has a pH of 5, how many more or less H ions are present than in a solution with pH 6?.
Answer: A solution with a pH of 5 has 10x more H ions that a solution with a pH of 6. A pH of 5 means
there is a concentration of 10-5 H ions present. A pH of 6 means there is 10-6 H ions present.
,Q7: our cells create long polypeptides and then cleave them into smaller chains. Why?.
Answer: It is more efficient; large protein has two polypeptides and are already folded correctly before
they are clipped.
Q8: What type of bond is formed between a glycerol and fatty acids?.
Answer: Ester bond
Q9: A group of macromolecules that have many different functions are.
Answer: proteins
Q10: Positive Regulation.
Answer: anything that makes transcription more likely; up-regulation of a gene.
Q11: DNA structure.
Answer: phosphate and sugar lie on the outside , bases inward -purines= A and G -pyrimidines= T and C
Q12: phosphodiester bond.
Answer: bond in the backbone of Dna links a phosphate and the sugar (one bond to a 5' carbon and
one to a 3' carbon) - the phosphodiester bonds link successive nucleotide units - the backbone of
alternating pentose and phosphate groups in both types of nucleic acid is highly polar -covalent - the
breaking of two phosphates energizes phosphodiester bonds.
Q13: Why not only use carbs?.
Answer: it takes a lt takes up more space to store glucose than lipids; lipids are less oxidized so they
contain more energy per carbon
Q14: What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?.
Answer: Dehydration synthesis builds molecules and hydrolysis breaks them down
Q15: tertiary structure of protein.
Answer: Interaction of R groups of different amino acids, contortions in shape, disulfide bridges
, Q16: What bonds are present in each of the four different levels of protein structure?.
Answer: Primary-PeptideSecondary- HydrogenTertiary- Hydrogen, Covalent, and
IonicQuaternary-Hydrogen, Covalent, Ionic
Q17: Dickerson Dodecamer.
Answer: 5' to 3' over 3' to 5' - some bases in the dodecamer were twisted slightly-- not a feature of the
watson and crick model - the slight departure from the perfect watson and crick model is due to
sequence differences
Q18: A polysaccharide composed of the same subunits, but linked together differently so that most
organisms cannot digest it is ________________ . This is known as dietary fiber..
Answer: starch
Q19: based on your current knowledge of bio, do you have any reservations with the following
statement: the only info important to heredity is found in the DNA sequence..
Answer: histones are proteins and DNA wraps around it. The tightness of the wrap affects gene
expression.
Q20: Cell Cycle.
Answer: an effective cell cycle control system should have the following: - a timer, that turns on each
event at a specific time, this providing a fixed amount of time for the completion of each event -a
mechanism for initiating events in the correct order; entry into mitosis -robustness: back up
mechanisms - adaptability -a mechanism to ensure that each event is triggered only once per cycle
-binary (on/off) switches that trigger events in a complete, irreversible fashion.
