Ccbc BIO 110 Questions with VERIFIED Answers (Guaranteed Success)
Q1: Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis..
Answer: Small molecules and water enter or leave the cell through the lipid bilayer or via transport
proteins.; Large molecules, such as polysaccharides and proteins, cross the membrane in bulk via
vesicles. Bulk transport requires energy
Q2: Signal Reception:.
Answer: Receptors are glycoproteins that bind with specific signaling molecules.- Many hydrophilic
molecular signals bind to receptors on the surface of the target cell and do not actually enter the cell.
Hydrophobic molecules move through the plasma membrane and bind with intracellular receptors.- A
ligand binds to a specific receptor and triggers a biological response. Only the signaling molecule that
fits the shape of a specific receptor can trigger a response in a cell.- The signals a cell responds to
depends on its receptors. Different cell types produce different receptors. A cell may synthesize many
different kinds of receptors.
Q3: What is photorespiration?.
Answer: When the enzyme rubisco binds O₂ during the Calvin Cycle.
Q4: Prokaryotic cells have:.
Answer: No nucleus.; DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid.; No membrane-bound organelles.;
Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane
Q5: Enzyme-Linked (tyrosine kinase) Receptors (RTKs).
Answer: are membrane receptor enzymes that attach phosphates to amino acid tyrosine. A receptor
tyrosine kinase can trigger multiple signal transduction pathways at once. Abnormal functioning of
RTKs is associated with many types of cancers.
Q6: What occurs during light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?.
Answer: Carbon dioxide is converted into sugars.
,Q7: Mitochondria.
Answer: are the sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP.
Q8: What is the function of tRNA during translation?.
Answer: Brings amino acids to the ribosomes.
Q9: What determines the difference between amino acids?.
Answer: R or variable groups.
Q10: What is the definition of mutation?.
Answer: A change in the DNA sequence.
Q11: Where does glycolysis occur in a cell?.
Answer: Cytosol or cytoplasm.
Q12: During endocrine signaling, (Signal transmission).
Answer: messenger molecules (hormones) secreted by endocrine glands reach their target cells
through the bloodstream.
Q13: The nucleus.
Answer: contains most of the cell's genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle
Q14: The Golgi apparatus.
Answer: consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae.
Q15: Hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes.
Answer: are made by rough ER and then transferred to the Golgi apparatus for further processing.
Q16: During which stage of meiosis do homologous pairs separate?.
Answer: Anaphase I.
, Q17: Most water-soluble signal molecules bind to specific sites on receptor proteins that span the
plasma membrane. There are three main types of membrane receptors:.
Answer: ion channel-linked,; G-protein linked (coupled), and; enzyme-linked receptors
Q18: There are three types of endocytosis.
Answer: Phagocytosis ("cellular eating"): In phagocytosis a cell engulfs a particle in a vacuole. The
vacuole fuses with a lysosome to digest the particle.; Pinocytosis ("cellular drinking"): In pinocytosis,
molecules dissolved in droplets are taken up when extracellular fluid is "gulped" into tiny vesicles;
Receptor-mediated endocytosis: In receptor-mediated endocytosis, binding of ligands to receptors
triggers vesicle formation. A ligand is any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another
molecule.
Q19: Passive transport.
Answer: is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment.; Diffusion is the
tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available space. Although each molecule moves
randomly, diffusion of a population of molecules may be directional.; At dynamic equilibrium, as many
molecules cross the membrane in one direction as in the other. Substances diffuse down their
concentration gradient, the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or
decreases. No work must be done to move substances down the concentration gradient.; The diffusion
of a substance across a biological membrane is passive transport because no energy is expended by the
cell to make it happen.
Q20: Mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Answer: change energy from one form to another.
Q21: Why is it advantageous for cells to be small?.
Answer: Higher surface-area-to-volume ratio for efficient transport.
Q22: What must happen for cancer to occur?.
Answer: The failure of a cell to limit its multiplication in the cell cycle.
Q1: Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis..
Answer: Small molecules and water enter or leave the cell through the lipid bilayer or via transport
proteins.; Large molecules, such as polysaccharides and proteins, cross the membrane in bulk via
vesicles. Bulk transport requires energy
Q2: Signal Reception:.
Answer: Receptors are glycoproteins that bind with specific signaling molecules.- Many hydrophilic
molecular signals bind to receptors on the surface of the target cell and do not actually enter the cell.
Hydrophobic molecules move through the plasma membrane and bind with intracellular receptors.- A
ligand binds to a specific receptor and triggers a biological response. Only the signaling molecule that
fits the shape of a specific receptor can trigger a response in a cell.- The signals a cell responds to
depends on its receptors. Different cell types produce different receptors. A cell may synthesize many
different kinds of receptors.
Q3: What is photorespiration?.
Answer: When the enzyme rubisco binds O₂ during the Calvin Cycle.
Q4: Prokaryotic cells have:.
Answer: No nucleus.; DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid.; No membrane-bound organelles.;
Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane
Q5: Enzyme-Linked (tyrosine kinase) Receptors (RTKs).
Answer: are membrane receptor enzymes that attach phosphates to amino acid tyrosine. A receptor
tyrosine kinase can trigger multiple signal transduction pathways at once. Abnormal functioning of
RTKs is associated with many types of cancers.
Q6: What occurs during light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?.
Answer: Carbon dioxide is converted into sugars.
,Q7: Mitochondria.
Answer: are the sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP.
Q8: What is the function of tRNA during translation?.
Answer: Brings amino acids to the ribosomes.
Q9: What determines the difference between amino acids?.
Answer: R or variable groups.
Q10: What is the definition of mutation?.
Answer: A change in the DNA sequence.
Q11: Where does glycolysis occur in a cell?.
Answer: Cytosol or cytoplasm.
Q12: During endocrine signaling, (Signal transmission).
Answer: messenger molecules (hormones) secreted by endocrine glands reach their target cells
through the bloodstream.
Q13: The nucleus.
Answer: contains most of the cell's genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle
Q14: The Golgi apparatus.
Answer: consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae.
Q15: Hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes.
Answer: are made by rough ER and then transferred to the Golgi apparatus for further processing.
Q16: During which stage of meiosis do homologous pairs separate?.
Answer: Anaphase I.
, Q17: Most water-soluble signal molecules bind to specific sites on receptor proteins that span the
plasma membrane. There are three main types of membrane receptors:.
Answer: ion channel-linked,; G-protein linked (coupled), and; enzyme-linked receptors
Q18: There are three types of endocytosis.
Answer: Phagocytosis ("cellular eating"): In phagocytosis a cell engulfs a particle in a vacuole. The
vacuole fuses with a lysosome to digest the particle.; Pinocytosis ("cellular drinking"): In pinocytosis,
molecules dissolved in droplets are taken up when extracellular fluid is "gulped" into tiny vesicles;
Receptor-mediated endocytosis: In receptor-mediated endocytosis, binding of ligands to receptors
triggers vesicle formation. A ligand is any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another
molecule.
Q19: Passive transport.
Answer: is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment.; Diffusion is the
tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available space. Although each molecule moves
randomly, diffusion of a population of molecules may be directional.; At dynamic equilibrium, as many
molecules cross the membrane in one direction as in the other. Substances diffuse down their
concentration gradient, the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or
decreases. No work must be done to move substances down the concentration gradient.; The diffusion
of a substance across a biological membrane is passive transport because no energy is expended by the
cell to make it happen.
Q20: Mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Answer: change energy from one form to another.
Q21: Why is it advantageous for cells to be small?.
Answer: Higher surface-area-to-volume ratio for efficient transport.
Q22: What must happen for cancer to occur?.
Answer: The failure of a cell to limit its multiplication in the cell cycle.
