2026 ONS ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY
IMMUNOTHERAPY STUDY EXAMS GUIDE ALL
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Restriction Point - ✔✔-The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing
phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the
cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return
✔✔G0 Phase (resting phase) - ✔✔-After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1
phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
✔✔-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - ✔✔-Exceptions to this
are those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
,✔✔Cell Cycling Time - ✔✔Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
✔✔Cell cycle video and image -
✔✔http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animati
on__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
✔✔Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - ✔✔-The cell cycle is
carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter the
genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and
disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis
✔✔Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: - ✔✔1. cyclines
(D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle
✔✔Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - ✔✔-(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and
CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B
✔✔Inhibitory proteins - ✔✔-prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage is
detected
-An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53)
✔✔DNA Damage Checkpoints - ✔✔-If DNA damage is present, cells are programmed
to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
-The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most well-understood
inhibitory proteins (IP)
, ✔✔Inhibitory proteins p53 - ✔✔-Levels of this IP regulate several important target genes
-Will increase when DNA damage is present
-Protects against inappropriate signal proliferation
-sometimes called the "suicide gene"
✔✔M Phase Checkpoints - ✔✔When the cells prepare to divide, the chromosomes line
up in the mitotic spindle.
If the chromosomes are not properly aligned, division is not allowed to continue
✔✔Immunity - ✔✔
✔✔Cells of the Immune System - ✔✔
✔✔Pluripotent Stem Cell - ✔✔-The cells of the immune system are created in the bome
marrow from what is know as a ___
-A stem cell that can differentiate into any cell type except for extraembryotic tissue,
does not yet have a function
✔✔Myeolid Precursor Cells - ✔✔Mature into:
-RBCS
-Plts
-WBCs (Granulocytes)
✔✔Lymphoid Precursor Cells - ✔✔Mature into:
-Specialized WBCs called lymphocytes (Agranulocytes)
✔✔Lines of Defense: The Immune System's Response to Attack - ✔✔Consists of 2
types of immunity:
1: Innate
2: Adaptive
✔✔Innate Immunity - ✔✔-First line of defense against a pathogen
-Does not retain memory of the entity
-Involves the following:
(skin, mucous membranes, and normal flora of the skin and gut)
(Cellular components such as phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, and
macrophages)
IMMUNOTHERAPY STUDY EXAMS GUIDE ALL
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Restriction Point - ✔✔-The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing
phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the
cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return
✔✔G0 Phase (resting phase) - ✔✔-After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1
phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
✔✔-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - ✔✔-Exceptions to this
are those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
,✔✔Cell Cycling Time - ✔✔Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
✔✔Cell cycle video and image -
✔✔http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animati
on__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
✔✔Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - ✔✔-The cell cycle is
carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter the
genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and
disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis
✔✔Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: - ✔✔1. cyclines
(D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle
✔✔Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - ✔✔-(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and
CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B
✔✔Inhibitory proteins - ✔✔-prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage is
detected
-An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53)
✔✔DNA Damage Checkpoints - ✔✔-If DNA damage is present, cells are programmed
to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
-The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most well-understood
inhibitory proteins (IP)
, ✔✔Inhibitory proteins p53 - ✔✔-Levels of this IP regulate several important target genes
-Will increase when DNA damage is present
-Protects against inappropriate signal proliferation
-sometimes called the "suicide gene"
✔✔M Phase Checkpoints - ✔✔When the cells prepare to divide, the chromosomes line
up in the mitotic spindle.
If the chromosomes are not properly aligned, division is not allowed to continue
✔✔Immunity - ✔✔
✔✔Cells of the Immune System - ✔✔
✔✔Pluripotent Stem Cell - ✔✔-The cells of the immune system are created in the bome
marrow from what is know as a ___
-A stem cell that can differentiate into any cell type except for extraembryotic tissue,
does not yet have a function
✔✔Myeolid Precursor Cells - ✔✔Mature into:
-RBCS
-Plts
-WBCs (Granulocytes)
✔✔Lymphoid Precursor Cells - ✔✔Mature into:
-Specialized WBCs called lymphocytes (Agranulocytes)
✔✔Lines of Defense: The Immune System's Response to Attack - ✔✔Consists of 2
types of immunity:
1: Innate
2: Adaptive
✔✔Innate Immunity - ✔✔-First line of defense against a pathogen
-Does not retain memory of the entity
-Involves the following:
(skin, mucous membranes, and normal flora of the skin and gut)
(Cellular components such as phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, and
macrophages)
