NCLEX REVIEW | TRUSTED BY STUDENTS ACROSS
MULTIPLE DISCIPLINES!| QUALITY CONTENT YOU CAN
RELY ON!!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027.
Duration: 2 Hours.
Total Marks: 100.
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, What are the normal pH values for acid-base balance? Answer: 7.35 to 7.45
What is the normal range for CO2 in acid-base balance? Answer: 35 to 45 mmHg
What is the normal range for HCO3 (bicarbonate)? Answer: 22 to 26 mEq/L
What indicates an acidotic state in pH? Answer: pH < 7.35
What indicates an alkalotic state in pH? Answer: pH > 7.45
How do you determine if an acid-base imbalance is metabolic or respiratory? Answer: If pH
and HCO3 move in the same direction, it is metabolic; if they move in opposite directions, it is
respiratory.
What is an example of metabolic acidosis? Answer: pH 7.3 and HCO3 20
What is an example of metabolic alkalosis? Answer: pH 7.58 and HCO3 32
What is an example of respiratory acidosis? Answer: pH 7.22 and HCO3 35
What happens to potassium levels in acidosis? Answer: Potassium levels are high
(hyperkalemia).
What happens to potassium levels in alkalosis? Answer: Potassium levels are low
(hypokalemia).
What is the nursing intervention for a patient in respiratory acidosis? Answer: The patient needs
to be ventilated with an Ambu bag.
What is the first step to take when a ventilator alarm sounds due to high pressure? Answer:
Unkink the tubing.
What can cause a low pressure alarm on a ventilator? Answer: Main tubing disconnection or O2
sensor tube disconnection.
What is the default setting for acid-base imbalance if unsure? Answer: Metabolic acidosis.
What is the #1 psychological problem in alcoholism? Answer: Denial.
How should you confront a patient in denial? Answer: Point out the difference between what
they say and what they do.
What is the difference between dependency and co-dependency? Answer: Dependency is when
the abuser relies on others; co-dependency is when the significant other derives self-esteem
from helping the abuser.
What are the stages of grief according to the DABDA model? Answer: Denial, Anger,
Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance.
What is the nursing intervention for a patient with a high pH? Answer: Monitor for symptoms
of alkalosis such as tachycardia and irritability.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
MULTIPLE DISCIPLINES!| QUALITY CONTENT YOU CAN
RELY ON!!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027.
Duration: 2 Hours.
Total Marks: 100.
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, What are the normal pH values for acid-base balance? Answer: 7.35 to 7.45
What is the normal range for CO2 in acid-base balance? Answer: 35 to 45 mmHg
What is the normal range for HCO3 (bicarbonate)? Answer: 22 to 26 mEq/L
What indicates an acidotic state in pH? Answer: pH < 7.35
What indicates an alkalotic state in pH? Answer: pH > 7.45
How do you determine if an acid-base imbalance is metabolic or respiratory? Answer: If pH
and HCO3 move in the same direction, it is metabolic; if they move in opposite directions, it is
respiratory.
What is an example of metabolic acidosis? Answer: pH 7.3 and HCO3 20
What is an example of metabolic alkalosis? Answer: pH 7.58 and HCO3 32
What is an example of respiratory acidosis? Answer: pH 7.22 and HCO3 35
What happens to potassium levels in acidosis? Answer: Potassium levels are high
(hyperkalemia).
What happens to potassium levels in alkalosis? Answer: Potassium levels are low
(hypokalemia).
What is the nursing intervention for a patient in respiratory acidosis? Answer: The patient needs
to be ventilated with an Ambu bag.
What is the first step to take when a ventilator alarm sounds due to high pressure? Answer:
Unkink the tubing.
What can cause a low pressure alarm on a ventilator? Answer: Main tubing disconnection or O2
sensor tube disconnection.
What is the default setting for acid-base imbalance if unsure? Answer: Metabolic acidosis.
What is the #1 psychological problem in alcoholism? Answer: Denial.
How should you confront a patient in denial? Answer: Point out the difference between what
they say and what they do.
What is the difference between dependency and co-dependency? Answer: Dependency is when
the abuser relies on others; co-dependency is when the significant other derives self-esteem
from helping the abuser.
What are the stages of grief according to the DABDA model? Answer: Denial, Anger,
Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance.
What is the nursing intervention for a patient with a high pH? Answer: Monitor for symptoms
of alkalosis such as tachycardia and irritability.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
