CSEP-CEP Theory Questions with Correct Answers (Grade A+)
Question 1: Metabolism
Answer: Total energy expenditure of all cata/anabolic processes (bodies ability to use fuel) Measured by
either direct (calorimetry chamber) or indirect (Douglas bag/metabolic cart) calorimetry Calorimetry =
measure of energy expenditure (kcals = E to heat 1kg water 1°C)
Question 2: Oxidation-Reduction Reaction
Answer: - Are always *coupled reactions* (the energy given off by the exergonic reaction powers the
endergonic reaction) - *Oxidation*: removing an electron - *Reduction*: addition of an electron - Often
involve the *transfer of hydrogen atoms* rather than free electrons; hydrogen atoms contain one electron
and a molecule that loses a hydrogen atom loses an electron and therefore is oxidized
Question 3: Bioenergetics
Answer: - The chemical processes of converting food into energy (glycolysis, citric acid cycle, etc.) -
Formation of ATP *3 Pathways*: 1. ATP-PCr or Anaerobic Alactic System 2. Glycolysis or Anaerobic
Lactic System or Substrate Level Phosphorylation 3. Aerobic System or Oxidative Phosphorylation or
Cellular Respiration (Beta Oxidation/Acetyl CoA, Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport
Chain)
Question 4: Enzymes:
1. Acetyl CoA
2. Krebs Cycle
3. Lactate --> Pyruvate
4. Glycolysis
5. ATP-PCr
6. Pyruvate --> Lactate
7. Electron Transport Chain
Answer: 1. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) 2. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase, Citrate Synthase, SDH 3. Lactate
Dehydrogenase H (LDH-H) 4. Phosphofructokinase 5. Creatine Kinase 6. Lactate Dehydrogenase M
(LDH-M) 7. Cytochrome Oxidase
Question 5: ATP-PCr System (Anaerobic Alactic System)
Answer: - *Exercise*: ATP + Cr --> ADP + PCr - *Rest* ADP + PCr --> ATP + Cr - *Creatine Kinase* is
the enzyme that catalysis the rephosphorylation of ADP to ATP at rest
Page 1
,Question 6:
1. Gluconeogenesis
2. Glycogenolysis
3. Glycolysis
Answer: - The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources such as lactate, glycerol or amino acids -
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose - Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
Question 7: Glycolysis Energy Investment Phase
Answer: 1. Glucose phosphorylated by ATP (ATP-->ADP) producing an activated molecule
Glucose-6-Phosphate(C6-P) (uses 1 ATP) 2. Rearranged to Fructose-6-Phosphate (C6-P); Then a second
phosphorylation giving you Fructose-1,6-B iphosphate (P-C6-P) (uses 1 ATP) Catalyzed by
phosphofructokinase 3. The 6-C molecule split into two 3-C G3P (C3-P) molecules *Overall uses 2 ATP*
Glucose Glucose-6-Phosphate - lose 1 ATP Fructose-6-Phosphate Fructose-1,6-Biphosphate - lose 1 ATP
2G3P (C3-P)
Question 8: Glycolysis Energy Production Phase
Answer: 1. Oxidization (NAD-->NADH) then phosphorylation giving you 2 higher energy BPG (P-C3-P)
molecules (get 2 NADH) 2. Removal of phosphate groups by ADP (2ADP--> 2ATP) leaving 2 3PG (P-C3)
(get 2 ATP) 3. Oxidization by removing H20 produces 2 high energy PEP (P-C3) molecules 4. Removal of
phosphate groups by ADP (2ADP-->2ATP) gives you pyruvate (get 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate) 5. If O2
available it enters mitochondria for further breakdown If not then it's converted to lactic acid then lactate
which goes to liver to made back to glucose *Get 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH* G3P BPG - get 2 NADH
3PG - get 2 ATP PEP - removed H20 Pyruvate - get 2 pyruvate
Question 9: Pyruvate Oxidation
Answer: 1. Pyruvate (3-C) goes to mitochondria from glycolysis 2. Carboxyl group snipped off released as
CO2 leaving behind a 2-C molecule (Acetyl) 3. This molecule oxidized (NAD-->NADH) (2 NADH) 4.
Acetyl attaches to CoA group making Acetyl CoA (2-C) (2 Acetyl-CoA) *Gives 2 Acetyl-CoA and 2
NADH* Pyruvate (3-C) Acetyl - creates 2 CO2 Acetyl - oxidized - 2 NADH Acetyl-CoA - 2 Acetyl-CoA
Question 10:
1. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
2. Electron Transport Chain
Answer: 1. The 2 Acetyl CoA from pyruvate oxidized to create 2 GTP (2 ATP), 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 (all
comes from the one molecule of glucose) 2. The NADH and FADH2 from Glycolysis, Acetyl CoA and the
Citric Acid Cycle get passed down the electron transport chain creating 2.5 ATP for every NADH and 1.5
ATP for every FADH2 - End result is formation of ATP and water. Water is formed by oxygen accepting
electrons; therefore, the reason we breathe O2 is to use as final acceptor of electrons in aerobic metabolism
Page 2
,Question 11: How much total ATP generate from a single glucose molecule?
Answer: *1. Glycolysis:* - 4 ATP - 2 ATP + 2 NADH = 7 ATP *2. Acetyl CoA:* - 2 NADH = 5 ATP *3.
Citric Acid Cycle:* - 2 GTP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 = 20 ATP *Total = 30-32 ATP* (don't always have 2
GTP?)
Question 12: Beta Oxidation
Answer: - Breaking down fat (triglycerides) for energy - Triglyceride = 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids 1. TG
breakdown to 3 fatty acids (16-C) (costs 1 ATP and 1 Acetyl CoA to start beta oxidation) 2. Fatty acids
chopped into 2-C fragments forming Acetyl CoA and leaving 14-C which goes back to the start of beta
oxidation (so 1 fatty acids = 8 Acetyl CoA) 3. Acetyl CoA enters Krebs Cycle and produces 1 GTP (1 ATP),
3 NADH, 1 FADH2 4. NADH and FADH go to ETC
Question 13: Cori Cycle
Answer: - Also called lactic acid cycle - Lactic acid produced from glucose by skeletal muscle in glycolysis
(glucose --> pyruvate --> lactate) transported to the liver (gives 2 ATP during glycolysis) - Liver converts
lactate to glucose through gluconeogenesis (gluconeogenesis costs 6 ATP) - Glucose can then be
transported back to muscle and used as energy - Waste of fuel because if lactate was metabolized
aerobically would have generated 30 ATP (causes an increase in energy requirement of it happens during
exericse)
Question 14: How much total ATP generate from 1 triglyceride molecule?
Answer: *1. Start Beta Oxidation:* - =-1 ATP *2. Acetyl CoA*: - 1 FADH2 + 1 NADH = 4 ATP - 4 ATP x
7 Cycles = 28 ATP *3. Citric Acid Cycle:* - 1 GTP + 3 NADH + 1 FADH = 10 ATP - 10 ATP x 8 Acetyl
CoA = 80 ATP *Total = 107 ATP from 1 FA* *Total = 321 ATP from 1 TG*
Question 15: Enzymes:
1. Cytochrome Oxidase
2. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH)
3. Lactate Dehydrogenase M (LDH-M)
4. Creatine Kinase
5. Lactate Dehydrogenase H (LDH-H)
6. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
7. Phosphofructokinase
Answer: 1. Rate limiting enzyme in Electron Transport Chain 2. Converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA in
mitochondria 3. Converts pyruvate to lactate in cytoplasm 4. Rephosphorylation of ADP to ATP at rest 5.
Converts lactate to pyruvate in mitochondria 6. Rate limiting enzyme in Citric Acid Cycle 7. Rate limiting
enzyme in Glycolysis; converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6 phosphatase in cytoplasm
Page 3
, Question 16: Variables Obtained from Indirect Calorimetry
Answer: 1) VCO2 (produced) and VO2 (consumed) 2) RER - shows relative contribution fat and carbs to
metabolism (0.7 = 100% fat; 1.0 = 100% carbs; 0.85 = even) 3) Calories/Energy Expenditure: - kcals =
((MET x 3.5 x kg) / 200) x T(min) - kcals = ((VO2 (ml/kg/min) x kg) / 200) x T(min)
Question 17: Respiratory Quotient (RQ) vs Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)
Answer: - *RQ*: metabolic exchange of gas ratio that is equal to CO2 production over O2 uptake (CO2/O2)
at cellular/metabolic levels - *RER*: respiratory exchange of gas ratio equal to CO2 production over O2
uptake (CO2/O2) by using expelled air in calculation - Both measure contribution of fats and carbs (0.7 =
100% fat; 1.0 = 100% carbs; 0.85 = even) - At rest, RER and RQ are the same (typically 0.8) - RQ can't
exceed 1.0; RER can - RQ measures CO2 at cellular level where RER measures CO2 after buffering
(buffering systems balance pH) so they will have different numbers - RQ limited as it occurs at cellular
level so can't measure; RER can be measured or observed at nose or mouth - RER estimates RQ
Question 18: ACSM Equation Measurements:
1. Kg to lbs
2. Inches to cm
3. mph to m/min
4. meters per revolution
5. Watts to kgm/min
6. L 02 to kcals
7. lb fat to kcals
8. METs to ml/kg/min
Answer: 1. 2.2 lbs 2. 2.54 cm 3. 26.8 m/min 4. 6 m 5. 6.12 kgm/min 6. 5 kcals 7. 3500 kcals 8. 3.5
ml/kg/min
Question 19:
1. Man weighs 90.6kg with 4.0L/min peak VO2
a) Relative VO2
b) METs
2. Women weighs 70.5kg with 32ml/kg/min VO2
a) Absolute VO2
b) METs
Answer: A. 4 x .6 = 44ml/kg/min b) .5 = 12.6 METs a) 32.1 x 70. = 2.26L/min b)
32..5 = 9.2 METs
Question 20: Environmental Gas Percentages
Answer: Oxygen - 20.93 % Nitrogen - 79.04 % Carbon Dioxide - 0.03%
Page 4
Question 1: Metabolism
Answer: Total energy expenditure of all cata/anabolic processes (bodies ability to use fuel) Measured by
either direct (calorimetry chamber) or indirect (Douglas bag/metabolic cart) calorimetry Calorimetry =
measure of energy expenditure (kcals = E to heat 1kg water 1°C)
Question 2: Oxidation-Reduction Reaction
Answer: - Are always *coupled reactions* (the energy given off by the exergonic reaction powers the
endergonic reaction) - *Oxidation*: removing an electron - *Reduction*: addition of an electron - Often
involve the *transfer of hydrogen atoms* rather than free electrons; hydrogen atoms contain one electron
and a molecule that loses a hydrogen atom loses an electron and therefore is oxidized
Question 3: Bioenergetics
Answer: - The chemical processes of converting food into energy (glycolysis, citric acid cycle, etc.) -
Formation of ATP *3 Pathways*: 1. ATP-PCr or Anaerobic Alactic System 2. Glycolysis or Anaerobic
Lactic System or Substrate Level Phosphorylation 3. Aerobic System or Oxidative Phosphorylation or
Cellular Respiration (Beta Oxidation/Acetyl CoA, Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport
Chain)
Question 4: Enzymes:
1. Acetyl CoA
2. Krebs Cycle
3. Lactate --> Pyruvate
4. Glycolysis
5. ATP-PCr
6. Pyruvate --> Lactate
7. Electron Transport Chain
Answer: 1. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) 2. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase, Citrate Synthase, SDH 3. Lactate
Dehydrogenase H (LDH-H) 4. Phosphofructokinase 5. Creatine Kinase 6. Lactate Dehydrogenase M
(LDH-M) 7. Cytochrome Oxidase
Question 5: ATP-PCr System (Anaerobic Alactic System)
Answer: - *Exercise*: ATP + Cr --> ADP + PCr - *Rest* ADP + PCr --> ATP + Cr - *Creatine Kinase* is
the enzyme that catalysis the rephosphorylation of ADP to ATP at rest
Page 1
,Question 6:
1. Gluconeogenesis
2. Glycogenolysis
3. Glycolysis
Answer: - The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources such as lactate, glycerol or amino acids -
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose - Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
Question 7: Glycolysis Energy Investment Phase
Answer: 1. Glucose phosphorylated by ATP (ATP-->ADP) producing an activated molecule
Glucose-6-Phosphate(C6-P) (uses 1 ATP) 2. Rearranged to Fructose-6-Phosphate (C6-P); Then a second
phosphorylation giving you Fructose-1,6-B iphosphate (P-C6-P) (uses 1 ATP) Catalyzed by
phosphofructokinase 3. The 6-C molecule split into two 3-C G3P (C3-P) molecules *Overall uses 2 ATP*
Glucose Glucose-6-Phosphate - lose 1 ATP Fructose-6-Phosphate Fructose-1,6-Biphosphate - lose 1 ATP
2G3P (C3-P)
Question 8: Glycolysis Energy Production Phase
Answer: 1. Oxidization (NAD-->NADH) then phosphorylation giving you 2 higher energy BPG (P-C3-P)
molecules (get 2 NADH) 2. Removal of phosphate groups by ADP (2ADP--> 2ATP) leaving 2 3PG (P-C3)
(get 2 ATP) 3. Oxidization by removing H20 produces 2 high energy PEP (P-C3) molecules 4. Removal of
phosphate groups by ADP (2ADP-->2ATP) gives you pyruvate (get 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate) 5. If O2
available it enters mitochondria for further breakdown If not then it's converted to lactic acid then lactate
which goes to liver to made back to glucose *Get 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH* G3P BPG - get 2 NADH
3PG - get 2 ATP PEP - removed H20 Pyruvate - get 2 pyruvate
Question 9: Pyruvate Oxidation
Answer: 1. Pyruvate (3-C) goes to mitochondria from glycolysis 2. Carboxyl group snipped off released as
CO2 leaving behind a 2-C molecule (Acetyl) 3. This molecule oxidized (NAD-->NADH) (2 NADH) 4.
Acetyl attaches to CoA group making Acetyl CoA (2-C) (2 Acetyl-CoA) *Gives 2 Acetyl-CoA and 2
NADH* Pyruvate (3-C) Acetyl - creates 2 CO2 Acetyl - oxidized - 2 NADH Acetyl-CoA - 2 Acetyl-CoA
Question 10:
1. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
2. Electron Transport Chain
Answer: 1. The 2 Acetyl CoA from pyruvate oxidized to create 2 GTP (2 ATP), 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 (all
comes from the one molecule of glucose) 2. The NADH and FADH2 from Glycolysis, Acetyl CoA and the
Citric Acid Cycle get passed down the electron transport chain creating 2.5 ATP for every NADH and 1.5
ATP for every FADH2 - End result is formation of ATP and water. Water is formed by oxygen accepting
electrons; therefore, the reason we breathe O2 is to use as final acceptor of electrons in aerobic metabolism
Page 2
,Question 11: How much total ATP generate from a single glucose molecule?
Answer: *1. Glycolysis:* - 4 ATP - 2 ATP + 2 NADH = 7 ATP *2. Acetyl CoA:* - 2 NADH = 5 ATP *3.
Citric Acid Cycle:* - 2 GTP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 = 20 ATP *Total = 30-32 ATP* (don't always have 2
GTP?)
Question 12: Beta Oxidation
Answer: - Breaking down fat (triglycerides) for energy - Triglyceride = 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids 1. TG
breakdown to 3 fatty acids (16-C) (costs 1 ATP and 1 Acetyl CoA to start beta oxidation) 2. Fatty acids
chopped into 2-C fragments forming Acetyl CoA and leaving 14-C which goes back to the start of beta
oxidation (so 1 fatty acids = 8 Acetyl CoA) 3. Acetyl CoA enters Krebs Cycle and produces 1 GTP (1 ATP),
3 NADH, 1 FADH2 4. NADH and FADH go to ETC
Question 13: Cori Cycle
Answer: - Also called lactic acid cycle - Lactic acid produced from glucose by skeletal muscle in glycolysis
(glucose --> pyruvate --> lactate) transported to the liver (gives 2 ATP during glycolysis) - Liver converts
lactate to glucose through gluconeogenesis (gluconeogenesis costs 6 ATP) - Glucose can then be
transported back to muscle and used as energy - Waste of fuel because if lactate was metabolized
aerobically would have generated 30 ATP (causes an increase in energy requirement of it happens during
exericse)
Question 14: How much total ATP generate from 1 triglyceride molecule?
Answer: *1. Start Beta Oxidation:* - =-1 ATP *2. Acetyl CoA*: - 1 FADH2 + 1 NADH = 4 ATP - 4 ATP x
7 Cycles = 28 ATP *3. Citric Acid Cycle:* - 1 GTP + 3 NADH + 1 FADH = 10 ATP - 10 ATP x 8 Acetyl
CoA = 80 ATP *Total = 107 ATP from 1 FA* *Total = 321 ATP from 1 TG*
Question 15: Enzymes:
1. Cytochrome Oxidase
2. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH)
3. Lactate Dehydrogenase M (LDH-M)
4. Creatine Kinase
5. Lactate Dehydrogenase H (LDH-H)
6. Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
7. Phosphofructokinase
Answer: 1. Rate limiting enzyme in Electron Transport Chain 2. Converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA in
mitochondria 3. Converts pyruvate to lactate in cytoplasm 4. Rephosphorylation of ADP to ATP at rest 5.
Converts lactate to pyruvate in mitochondria 6. Rate limiting enzyme in Citric Acid Cycle 7. Rate limiting
enzyme in Glycolysis; converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6 phosphatase in cytoplasm
Page 3
, Question 16: Variables Obtained from Indirect Calorimetry
Answer: 1) VCO2 (produced) and VO2 (consumed) 2) RER - shows relative contribution fat and carbs to
metabolism (0.7 = 100% fat; 1.0 = 100% carbs; 0.85 = even) 3) Calories/Energy Expenditure: - kcals =
((MET x 3.5 x kg) / 200) x T(min) - kcals = ((VO2 (ml/kg/min) x kg) / 200) x T(min)
Question 17: Respiratory Quotient (RQ) vs Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)
Answer: - *RQ*: metabolic exchange of gas ratio that is equal to CO2 production over O2 uptake (CO2/O2)
at cellular/metabolic levels - *RER*: respiratory exchange of gas ratio equal to CO2 production over O2
uptake (CO2/O2) by using expelled air in calculation - Both measure contribution of fats and carbs (0.7 =
100% fat; 1.0 = 100% carbs; 0.85 = even) - At rest, RER and RQ are the same (typically 0.8) - RQ can't
exceed 1.0; RER can - RQ measures CO2 at cellular level where RER measures CO2 after buffering
(buffering systems balance pH) so they will have different numbers - RQ limited as it occurs at cellular
level so can't measure; RER can be measured or observed at nose or mouth - RER estimates RQ
Question 18: ACSM Equation Measurements:
1. Kg to lbs
2. Inches to cm
3. mph to m/min
4. meters per revolution
5. Watts to kgm/min
6. L 02 to kcals
7. lb fat to kcals
8. METs to ml/kg/min
Answer: 1. 2.2 lbs 2. 2.54 cm 3. 26.8 m/min 4. 6 m 5. 6.12 kgm/min 6. 5 kcals 7. 3500 kcals 8. 3.5
ml/kg/min
Question 19:
1. Man weighs 90.6kg with 4.0L/min peak VO2
a) Relative VO2
b) METs
2. Women weighs 70.5kg with 32ml/kg/min VO2
a) Absolute VO2
b) METs
Answer: A. 4 x .6 = 44ml/kg/min b) .5 = 12.6 METs a) 32.1 x 70. = 2.26L/min b)
32..5 = 9.2 METs
Question 20: Environmental Gas Percentages
Answer: Oxygen - 20.93 % Nitrogen - 79.04 % Carbon Dioxide - 0.03%
Page 4
