NSG5140 WEEK 5 MIDTERM EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) PLUS RATIONALES
2026 Q&A | INSTANT DOWNLOAD PDF.
Core Domains
• Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death
• Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection
• Genetics, Genetic Disorders, and Epigenetics
• Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances
• Cardiovascular and Hematologic Pathophysiology
• Respiratory and Renal Pathophysiology
• Gastrointestinal, Endocrine, and Metabolic Pathophysiology
• Neurologic, Musculoskeletal, and Integumentary
Pathophysiology
• Neoplastic and Multisystem Disorders
• Clinical Decision-Making and Evidence-Based Practice
Introduction
This comprehensive assessment evaluates the advanced
pathophysiology knowledge required for nursing practice. The
examination integrates cellular, genetic, immune, and organ-system
pathophysiology with clinical decision-making. Questions are
presented as single-best-answer multiple-choice items that reflect
,real-world patient scenarios. Emphasis is placed on mechanisms of
disease, diagnostic findings, and evidence-based management.
Success demonstrates the ability to apply pathophysiologic principles
to diverse patient populations across the lifespan.
SECTION ONE: QUESTIONS 1–50
Question 1
A chronic smoker undergoes bronchial biopsy that reveals
replacement of ciliated columnar epithelium with stratified
squamous epithelium. Which cellular adaptation is this?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Anaplasia
RATIONALE: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one
mature cell type with another, often in response to chronic irritation
such as smoking. It is an adaptive change that may predispose to
dysplasia.
Question 2
A cell experiencing severe ATP depletion shows cell swelling,
blebbing, and mitochondrial damage. Which type of cell injury is
this?
A. Reversible injury
B. Irreversible injury
C. Apoptosis
D. Necrosis
, RATIONALE: Reversible cell injury is characterized by ATP
depletion, cell swelling, and blebbing. Irreversible injury includes
membrane rupture, nuclear dissolution, and mitochondrial
permeability transition.
Question 3
Which process is characterized by programmed cell death without
inflammation?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Apoptosis
D. Fat necrosis
RATIONALE: Apoptosis is a regulated, energy-dependent form
of cell death that does not incite an inflammatory response.
Necrosis typically triggers inflammation.
Question 4
Which cytokine is primarily responsible for mediating fever during
acute inflammation?
A. Interleukin-4
B. Interleukin-10
C. Transforming growth factor beta
D. Interleukin-1
RATIONALE: Interleukin-1 is a major endogenous pyrogen that
acts on the hypothalamus to produce fever during acute
inflammation.
Question 5
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) PLUS RATIONALES
2026 Q&A | INSTANT DOWNLOAD PDF.
Core Domains
• Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death
• Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection
• Genetics, Genetic Disorders, and Epigenetics
• Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances
• Cardiovascular and Hematologic Pathophysiology
• Respiratory and Renal Pathophysiology
• Gastrointestinal, Endocrine, and Metabolic Pathophysiology
• Neurologic, Musculoskeletal, and Integumentary
Pathophysiology
• Neoplastic and Multisystem Disorders
• Clinical Decision-Making and Evidence-Based Practice
Introduction
This comprehensive assessment evaluates the advanced
pathophysiology knowledge required for nursing practice. The
examination integrates cellular, genetic, immune, and organ-system
pathophysiology with clinical decision-making. Questions are
presented as single-best-answer multiple-choice items that reflect
,real-world patient scenarios. Emphasis is placed on mechanisms of
disease, diagnostic findings, and evidence-based management.
Success demonstrates the ability to apply pathophysiologic principles
to diverse patient populations across the lifespan.
SECTION ONE: QUESTIONS 1–50
Question 1
A chronic smoker undergoes bronchial biopsy that reveals
replacement of ciliated columnar epithelium with stratified
squamous epithelium. Which cellular adaptation is this?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Anaplasia
RATIONALE: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one
mature cell type with another, often in response to chronic irritation
such as smoking. It is an adaptive change that may predispose to
dysplasia.
Question 2
A cell experiencing severe ATP depletion shows cell swelling,
blebbing, and mitochondrial damage. Which type of cell injury is
this?
A. Reversible injury
B. Irreversible injury
C. Apoptosis
D. Necrosis
, RATIONALE: Reversible cell injury is characterized by ATP
depletion, cell swelling, and blebbing. Irreversible injury includes
membrane rupture, nuclear dissolution, and mitochondrial
permeability transition.
Question 3
Which process is characterized by programmed cell death without
inflammation?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Apoptosis
D. Fat necrosis
RATIONALE: Apoptosis is a regulated, energy-dependent form
of cell death that does not incite an inflammatory response.
Necrosis typically triggers inflammation.
Question 4
Which cytokine is primarily responsible for mediating fever during
acute inflammation?
A. Interleukin-4
B. Interleukin-10
C. Transforming growth factor beta
D. Interleukin-1
RATIONALE: Interleukin-1 is a major endogenous pyrogen that
acts on the hypothalamus to produce fever during acute
inflammation.
Question 5
