Phys Lecture 19 (Exam 4) (2026) | Questions with 100% Verified Answers |
Latest Update
Question: Endocrine system
Answer:
- glands and tissues that produce and secrete hormones
- hormones coordiante: growth, development, reproduction, BP, ion concentration, behavior
- endocrine glands include: hypothalamus, ant/post pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal
cortex/medulla, gonads and placenta, pancreas, kidney, endocrine cells of GI system
Question: Three classifications of hormones Peptide/protein hormone synthesis
- ______ (gene) --> _______ ( in _______)
- _______ moves to cytoplasm and is translated on _______ to
Answer:
- peptides (< 10 AAs), proteins (> 10 AAs)
- steroids: cholesterol derivatives
- amines: tyrosine derivatives
- DNA (gene) --> mRNA (nucleus)
- mRNA moves to cytoplasm and is translated on ribosome to preprohormone
- preprohormone --> prohormone (in ER)
Question: __________
- _________ --> ________ (in _____)
- _________ moves to Golgi apparatus and packaged in ________ (where enzymes cleave sequences to
convert it to a _______) **final hormone stored in _________ until __________ stimulated *multiple
levels of _____________ ex: (3)
Answer:
- prohormone moves to Golgi apparatus and packaged in secretory vesicles (where enzymes cleave
sequences to convert it to a hormone) **final hormone stored in secretory vesicles until endocrine cell is
stimulated *multiple levels of post-translational modification ex: leptin, insulin, ADH
Question: Steroid hormone synthesis
- synthesized/sec by ______, ______, ______, ______
- all are derivatives of _______
- cholesterol is modified via _________
- synthesized ______ **ex: (2)
Answer:
- synthesized/sec by adrenal cortex, gonads, corpus luteum, placenta - all are derivatives of cholesterol
- cholesterol is modified via side chains/hydroxylation or aromatization of the steroid nucleus
- synthesized on demand **ex: estrogens, cortisol
,Question: Amine hormone synthesis
- derivative of _______
- include _______ (E, NE, Dopa) and ______ hormones
- ex: (2)
Answer:
- derivative of tyrosine
- include catecholamines (E, NE, Dopa) and thyroid hormones
- ex: dopamine, epinephrine
Question: Two mechanisms to adjust hormone secretion **in order to maintain homeostasis, secretion of
hormones must _______
- neural: neuron stimulates _________ (only seen during ______ activation)
- feedback (more common): ________ more common, hormone feeds back on gland to _______
Answer:
**in order to maintain homeostasis, secretion of hormones must be turned on/off as needed
- neural: neuron stimulates target to secrete hormone (only seen during hypothalamus activation)
- feedback (more common): neg more common, hormone feeds back on gland to stop further secretion
Question: Types of negative feedback
- long loop:
- short loop:
- ultra short loop:
Answer:
- long loop: hormone feeds back all the way to hypothalamic-pituitary axis
- short loop: hormone of pituitary feeds back on hypothalamus
- ultra short loop: hypothalamic hormone feeds back on itself (inhibit own secretion)
, Question: Examples of positive feedback **hormone action causes ______ which is _______
Answer:
**hormone action causes more secretion which is self augmenting
- estrogen during follicular phase
- oxytocin during labor
Latest Update
Question: Endocrine system
Answer:
- glands and tissues that produce and secrete hormones
- hormones coordiante: growth, development, reproduction, BP, ion concentration, behavior
- endocrine glands include: hypothalamus, ant/post pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal
cortex/medulla, gonads and placenta, pancreas, kidney, endocrine cells of GI system
Question: Three classifications of hormones Peptide/protein hormone synthesis
- ______ (gene) --> _______ ( in _______)
- _______ moves to cytoplasm and is translated on _______ to
Answer:
- peptides (< 10 AAs), proteins (> 10 AAs)
- steroids: cholesterol derivatives
- amines: tyrosine derivatives
- DNA (gene) --> mRNA (nucleus)
- mRNA moves to cytoplasm and is translated on ribosome to preprohormone
- preprohormone --> prohormone (in ER)
Question: __________
- _________ --> ________ (in _____)
- _________ moves to Golgi apparatus and packaged in ________ (where enzymes cleave sequences to
convert it to a _______) **final hormone stored in _________ until __________ stimulated *multiple
levels of _____________ ex: (3)
Answer:
- prohormone moves to Golgi apparatus and packaged in secretory vesicles (where enzymes cleave
sequences to convert it to a hormone) **final hormone stored in secretory vesicles until endocrine cell is
stimulated *multiple levels of post-translational modification ex: leptin, insulin, ADH
Question: Steroid hormone synthesis
- synthesized/sec by ______, ______, ______, ______
- all are derivatives of _______
- cholesterol is modified via _________
- synthesized ______ **ex: (2)
Answer:
- synthesized/sec by adrenal cortex, gonads, corpus luteum, placenta - all are derivatives of cholesterol
- cholesterol is modified via side chains/hydroxylation or aromatization of the steroid nucleus
- synthesized on demand **ex: estrogens, cortisol
,Question: Amine hormone synthesis
- derivative of _______
- include _______ (E, NE, Dopa) and ______ hormones
- ex: (2)
Answer:
- derivative of tyrosine
- include catecholamines (E, NE, Dopa) and thyroid hormones
- ex: dopamine, epinephrine
Question: Two mechanisms to adjust hormone secretion **in order to maintain homeostasis, secretion of
hormones must _______
- neural: neuron stimulates _________ (only seen during ______ activation)
- feedback (more common): ________ more common, hormone feeds back on gland to _______
Answer:
**in order to maintain homeostasis, secretion of hormones must be turned on/off as needed
- neural: neuron stimulates target to secrete hormone (only seen during hypothalamus activation)
- feedback (more common): neg more common, hormone feeds back on gland to stop further secretion
Question: Types of negative feedback
- long loop:
- short loop:
- ultra short loop:
Answer:
- long loop: hormone feeds back all the way to hypothalamic-pituitary axis
- short loop: hormone of pituitary feeds back on hypothalamus
- ultra short loop: hypothalamic hormone feeds back on itself (inhibit own secretion)
, Question: Examples of positive feedback **hormone action causes ______ which is _______
Answer:
**hormone action causes more secretion which is self augmenting
- estrogen during follicular phase
- oxytocin during labor
