NURS 3366 Final Exam Review | Questions with 100% Verified Answers |
Latest Update
Question: What occurs to fluid movement, tissue cells, and clinical S&S when the plasma space becomes
hyperosmolar / hypertonic?
Answer:
Fluid Shift: Tissue to Blood (T -> B) via osmosis (concentration calls) Tissue Impact: Dehydration /
fluid volume deficit. S&S: Poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, low urine output. Causes: Poor
fluid intake, vomiting, diarrhea, DI (diabetes insipidus), DM (diabetes mellitus), Addison's disease.
Compensatory System: RAAS activation (triggered by low blood pressure, decreased blood volume, or
low sodium levels, which cause the kidneys to release renin into the bloodstream. This enzyme starts a
chemical chain reaction that produces angiotensin II and aldosterone to narrow blood vessels and retain
water.) Treatment: Hypotonic IV fluids.
Question: What occurs to fluid movement, tissue cells, and clinical S&S when the plasma space becomes
hypoosmolar / hypotonic?
Answer:
Fluid Shift: Blood to Tissue (B -> T). Tissue Impact: Fluid volume overload / edema. S&S: Peripheral
pitting edema, pulmonary edema (crackles, dyspnea), brain edema. Causes: Overdrinking water, SIADH,
Cushing's, CKD (chronic kidney disease), HF (heart failure), Cirrhosis (hypoproteinemia/low oncotic
pressure). Compensatory System: Natriuretic Peptide System (NPS) a group of hormone proteins that
your heart and other tissues make to control blood pressure, body fluid, and salt levels. When blood
volume or pressure gets too high, the heart releases these peptides to relax blood vessels and tell the
kidneys to get rid of extra salt and water. Treatment: Hypertonic IV fluids / Diuretics.
, Question: How does hypokalemia affect Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) and what are its S&S?
Answer:
Mechanism: K+ diffuses out -> cells lose cations -> RMP becomes more negative (further from +30mV
threshold) Polarization State: Hyperpolarization (lengthened polar gap). Effect: Muscle/nerve cells are
hyporesponsive / hyposensitive (takes longer to depolarize) S&S: Muscle weakness, sluggishness,
lethargy, confusion, bradycardia (HR < 60).
Question: How does hyperkalemia affect Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) and what are its S&S?
Answer:
Mechanism: K+ diffuses in -> cells gain cations -> RMP becomes more positive. (closer to +30mV
threshold) Polarization State: Hypopolarization (shortened polar gap). Effect: Muscle/nerve cells are
hyperresponsive / hypersensitive. S&S: Muscle spasms, twitching, irritability, tetany, hyperactive
reflexes, tachycardia (HR >
100) / dysrhythmias.
Question: How do hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia affect membrane permeability and RMP?
Answer:
Hypocalcemia: Increases Na+ permeability -> Na+ influx -> Hypopolarization -> Muscle irritability,
spasms, tetany, positive Chvostek's sign. Hypercalcemia: Decreases Na+ permeability -> less Na+ enters
cell ->Hyperpolarization - > Muscle weakness, lethargy, fatigue, sluggishness.
Latest Update
Question: What occurs to fluid movement, tissue cells, and clinical S&S when the plasma space becomes
hyperosmolar / hypertonic?
Answer:
Fluid Shift: Tissue to Blood (T -> B) via osmosis (concentration calls) Tissue Impact: Dehydration /
fluid volume deficit. S&S: Poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, low urine output. Causes: Poor
fluid intake, vomiting, diarrhea, DI (diabetes insipidus), DM (diabetes mellitus), Addison's disease.
Compensatory System: RAAS activation (triggered by low blood pressure, decreased blood volume, or
low sodium levels, which cause the kidneys to release renin into the bloodstream. This enzyme starts a
chemical chain reaction that produces angiotensin II and aldosterone to narrow blood vessels and retain
water.) Treatment: Hypotonic IV fluids.
Question: What occurs to fluid movement, tissue cells, and clinical S&S when the plasma space becomes
hypoosmolar / hypotonic?
Answer:
Fluid Shift: Blood to Tissue (B -> T). Tissue Impact: Fluid volume overload / edema. S&S: Peripheral
pitting edema, pulmonary edema (crackles, dyspnea), brain edema. Causes: Overdrinking water, SIADH,
Cushing's, CKD (chronic kidney disease), HF (heart failure), Cirrhosis (hypoproteinemia/low oncotic
pressure). Compensatory System: Natriuretic Peptide System (NPS) a group of hormone proteins that
your heart and other tissues make to control blood pressure, body fluid, and salt levels. When blood
volume or pressure gets too high, the heart releases these peptides to relax blood vessels and tell the
kidneys to get rid of extra salt and water. Treatment: Hypertonic IV fluids / Diuretics.
, Question: How does hypokalemia affect Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) and what are its S&S?
Answer:
Mechanism: K+ diffuses out -> cells lose cations -> RMP becomes more negative (further from +30mV
threshold) Polarization State: Hyperpolarization (lengthened polar gap). Effect: Muscle/nerve cells are
hyporesponsive / hyposensitive (takes longer to depolarize) S&S: Muscle weakness, sluggishness,
lethargy, confusion, bradycardia (HR < 60).
Question: How does hyperkalemia affect Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) and what are its S&S?
Answer:
Mechanism: K+ diffuses in -> cells gain cations -> RMP becomes more positive. (closer to +30mV
threshold) Polarization State: Hypopolarization (shortened polar gap). Effect: Muscle/nerve cells are
hyperresponsive / hypersensitive. S&S: Muscle spasms, twitching, irritability, tetany, hyperactive
reflexes, tachycardia (HR >
100) / dysrhythmias.
Question: How do hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia affect membrane permeability and RMP?
Answer:
Hypocalcemia: Increases Na+ permeability -> Na+ influx -> Hypopolarization -> Muscle irritability,
spasms, tetany, positive Chvostek's sign. Hypercalcemia: Decreases Na+ permeability -> less Na+ enters
cell ->Hyperpolarization - > Muscle weakness, lethargy, fatigue, sluggishness.
