1|Page
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 4 GALEN COLLEGE NEWEST
2026/2027 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 80 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY
GRADED A+||JUST OUT!!!
what does the renal/urinary system do concerning aging? -
ANSWER-decreased glomerular filtration, ability to concentrate
urine, excretion of hydrogen ions
decreased function of nephrons, less renal reserves
more susceptible to fluid/electrolyte imbalances and renal
damage
very susceptible to kidney damage and drug toxicity
RUN BUN/CREATINE LABS DURING THERAPY
decreased sphincter tone and bladder capacity
causes residual volume and difficulty starting urine
nocturia
what does the GI system do in relation to aging? - ANSWER-
decreased contraction strength, peristalsis, enzyme secretion,
ability to maintain mucosal integrity, absorption of lipids, aa,
glucose, calcium, and iron
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what does the neuro system do in relation to aging ? - ANSWER-
atrophy and degeneration of nerves and neurons
decreased neurotransmitters, nerve impulse conduction,
reaction time decreases
what does hearing do in relation to aging ? - ANSWER-ankylosis
of ossicles- decreases sound to inner ear
hair cells deteriorate-decreases pitch discrimination
what does the musculoskeletal system do in relation to aging ? -
ANSWER-decreased mass, decreased estrogen leads to
osteoporosis, risk for fractures, unsteady gait
intervertebra; cartilage disks dehydrate and decrease height
Increases in joint degeneration
what does the immune system do in relation to aging ? -
ANSWER-Decreases in inflammatory response
what does the integumentary system do in relation to aging ? -
ANSWER-decreased subq-fat, elasticity, temp regulation,
circulation, vascularity
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what are phenotypes? - ANSWER-phenotypes are physical traits
what are genotypes? - ANSWER-genotypes are genetic makeup
how many chromosomes? - ANSWER-there are 23 pairs- 22
homologous
1 pair sex hormones
what is mitosis? - ANSWER-mitosis is on cell divided into two
cells
what is meiosis? - ANSWER-cell division results in haploid cells;
1/2 the normal # of chromosomes
what is crossing over? - ANSWER-In meiosis, it is homologous
chromosomes form a pair and exchange sections of DNA
What are alleles? - ANSWER-there are 2 alleles for each gene
2 different= heterozygous (Aa)=dominant gene
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 4 GALEN COLLEGE NEWEST
2026/2027 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 80 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY
GRADED A+||JUST OUT!!!
what does the renal/urinary system do concerning aging? -
ANSWER-decreased glomerular filtration, ability to concentrate
urine, excretion of hydrogen ions
decreased function of nephrons, less renal reserves
more susceptible to fluid/electrolyte imbalances and renal
damage
very susceptible to kidney damage and drug toxicity
RUN BUN/CREATINE LABS DURING THERAPY
decreased sphincter tone and bladder capacity
causes residual volume and difficulty starting urine
nocturia
what does the GI system do in relation to aging? - ANSWER-
decreased contraction strength, peristalsis, enzyme secretion,
ability to maintain mucosal integrity, absorption of lipids, aa,
glucose, calcium, and iron
,2|Page
what does the neuro system do in relation to aging ? - ANSWER-
atrophy and degeneration of nerves and neurons
decreased neurotransmitters, nerve impulse conduction,
reaction time decreases
what does hearing do in relation to aging ? - ANSWER-ankylosis
of ossicles- decreases sound to inner ear
hair cells deteriorate-decreases pitch discrimination
what does the musculoskeletal system do in relation to aging ? -
ANSWER-decreased mass, decreased estrogen leads to
osteoporosis, risk for fractures, unsteady gait
intervertebra; cartilage disks dehydrate and decrease height
Increases in joint degeneration
what does the immune system do in relation to aging ? -
ANSWER-Decreases in inflammatory response
what does the integumentary system do in relation to aging ? -
ANSWER-decreased subq-fat, elasticity, temp regulation,
circulation, vascularity
, 3|Page
what are phenotypes? - ANSWER-phenotypes are physical traits
what are genotypes? - ANSWER-genotypes are genetic makeup
how many chromosomes? - ANSWER-there are 23 pairs- 22
homologous
1 pair sex hormones
what is mitosis? - ANSWER-mitosis is on cell divided into two
cells
what is meiosis? - ANSWER-cell division results in haploid cells;
1/2 the normal # of chromosomes
what is crossing over? - ANSWER-In meiosis, it is homologous
chromosomes form a pair and exchange sections of DNA
What are alleles? - ANSWER-there are 2 alleles for each gene
2 different= heterozygous (Aa)=dominant gene
