ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE TEST QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS
⫸ Biogenic Amines. Answer: neurotransmitter affects sleep, mood,
attention and learning
Dopamine-excitatory or inhibitory
Serotonin- mainly inhibitory
Histamine- excitatory or inhibitory
⫸ Alcohol. Answer: most common depressant drug used, increases
inhibitory effect of GABA.
⫸ Amino Acids. Answer: Neurotransmitter
GABA-generally inhibitory
Glutamate-generally excitatory
Glycine-generally inhibitory
⫸ Peptides. Answer: Neurotransmitter
Endorphins-generally inhibitory
Tachykinins-excitatory
Somatostatin-generally inhibitory
Cholecystokinin-generally excitatory
⫸ Purines. Answer: neurotransmitter
,ATP-excitatory and inhibitory
Adenosine-generally inhibitory
⫸ Gases and Lipids. Answer: Neurotransmitter
Nitric Oxide-Excitatory or inhibitory
Carbon Monoxide-excitatory or inhibitory
Endocannabinoids-inhibitory
⫸ Sodium Potassium Pump. Answer: a carrier protein that uses ATP to
actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell.
Balances K+/Na+
⫸ Refractory Period. Answer: a period of inactivity, return to polarized
state, after a neuron has fired
⫸ Saltatory Conduction. Answer: the propagation of action potentials along
myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier (internode) to the next node,
increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials.
⫸ all-or-none response. Answer: a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a
full-strength response) or not firing.
⫸ Undershoot. Answer: The final, hyperpolarizing phase of an action
potential, typically caused by the voltage-dependent efflux of a cation such
as K+. The part of an action potential when the membrane potential is
more negative than at rest;
⫸ Adult Brain Structures. Answer: Lateral Ventricles:
-cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres: cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)
Third Ventricles:
, -diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus), --retina
Cerebral Aqueduct: brain stem (midbrain)
Fourth Ventricle:
-brain stem (pons)
-cerebellum
-brain stem: medulla oblongata
⫸ Adult Neural Canal Regions. Answer: lateral ventricles
third ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
fourth ventricle
⫸ cerebral aqueduct. Answer: CSF channel that connects the third and
fourth ventricles
⫸ Lateral Ventricle. Answer: a complex C-shaped chambers that reflect the
pattern of cerebral growth. Anteriorly, they lie close together, separated
only by a thin median membrane called the septum pellucidum.
⫸ Third Ventricle. Answer: the narrow ventricle located in the center of
the diencephalon. Communicates with lateral ventricle via the
interventricular foramen.
⫸ Longitudinal Fissure. Answer: separates cerebral hemispheres
⫸ Gyrus. Answer: A convoluted ridge between anatomical grooves.
⫸ Fissure. Answer: an opening; a groove; a split, a dep sulcus
SOLUTIONS
⫸ Biogenic Amines. Answer: neurotransmitter affects sleep, mood,
attention and learning
Dopamine-excitatory or inhibitory
Serotonin- mainly inhibitory
Histamine- excitatory or inhibitory
⫸ Alcohol. Answer: most common depressant drug used, increases
inhibitory effect of GABA.
⫸ Amino Acids. Answer: Neurotransmitter
GABA-generally inhibitory
Glutamate-generally excitatory
Glycine-generally inhibitory
⫸ Peptides. Answer: Neurotransmitter
Endorphins-generally inhibitory
Tachykinins-excitatory
Somatostatin-generally inhibitory
Cholecystokinin-generally excitatory
⫸ Purines. Answer: neurotransmitter
,ATP-excitatory and inhibitory
Adenosine-generally inhibitory
⫸ Gases and Lipids. Answer: Neurotransmitter
Nitric Oxide-Excitatory or inhibitory
Carbon Monoxide-excitatory or inhibitory
Endocannabinoids-inhibitory
⫸ Sodium Potassium Pump. Answer: a carrier protein that uses ATP to
actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell.
Balances K+/Na+
⫸ Refractory Period. Answer: a period of inactivity, return to polarized
state, after a neuron has fired
⫸ Saltatory Conduction. Answer: the propagation of action potentials along
myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier (internode) to the next node,
increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials.
⫸ all-or-none response. Answer: a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a
full-strength response) or not firing.
⫸ Undershoot. Answer: The final, hyperpolarizing phase of an action
potential, typically caused by the voltage-dependent efflux of a cation such
as K+. The part of an action potential when the membrane potential is
more negative than at rest;
⫸ Adult Brain Structures. Answer: Lateral Ventricles:
-cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres: cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)
Third Ventricles:
, -diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus), --retina
Cerebral Aqueduct: brain stem (midbrain)
Fourth Ventricle:
-brain stem (pons)
-cerebellum
-brain stem: medulla oblongata
⫸ Adult Neural Canal Regions. Answer: lateral ventricles
third ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
fourth ventricle
⫸ cerebral aqueduct. Answer: CSF channel that connects the third and
fourth ventricles
⫸ Lateral Ventricle. Answer: a complex C-shaped chambers that reflect the
pattern of cerebral growth. Anteriorly, they lie close together, separated
only by a thin median membrane called the septum pellucidum.
⫸ Third Ventricle. Answer: the narrow ventricle located in the center of
the diencephalon. Communicates with lateral ventricle via the
interventricular foramen.
⫸ Longitudinal Fissure. Answer: separates cerebral hemispheres
⫸ Gyrus. Answer: A convoluted ridge between anatomical grooves.
⫸ Fissure. Answer: an opening; a groove; a split, a dep sulcus
