ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 102 EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
✔✔How is the ANS used to regulate blood pressure? - ✔✔It regulates the degree of
constriction/dilation of the blood vessels in the body.
Constriction = increase of blood pressure
Dilation = decrease of blood pressure
Alters cardiac output which influences blood pressure.
✔✔What are the functions of the cardiovascular system? - ✔✔Transport of nutrients,
oxygen and hormones to cells throughout the body. Removal of metabolic wastes
(carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes).
Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood.
✔✔What factors can influence heart rate and/or blood pressure? - ✔✔Nutrition,
smoking, alcohol, exercise and medications.
✔✔Identify the major arteries/veins of the body. - ✔✔Arteries - Brachiocephalic artery,
Left common carotid artery, and Left subclavian artery.
Veins - Superior and Inferior vena cava.
✔✔At any given moment, where can blood be found in the body? - ✔✔The veins
✔✔Describe the layers of the heart and pericardium. - ✔✔Heart - epicardium (outer),
myocardium (middle), and endocardium (inner).
Epicardium - reduces friction. Serous membrane that consists of connective tissue
covered by epithelium and includes capillaries and nerve fibers.
Myocardium - thick and consists largely of the cardiac muscle tissue.
Endocardium - consists of epithelium and underlying connective tissue with many
elastic and collagen fibers. Contains blood vessels and covers some specialized cardiac
cells. Lines all of the heart chambers and covers the structures that project into them.
Pericardium - covering that encloses the heart and the proximal ends of the large blood
vessels to which it attaches.
Fibrous pericardium - outer fibrous bag, surrounds more delicate, double-layered serous
membrane.
Visceral pericardium - innermost layer of serous membrane, covers the heart.
Parietal pericardium - base of the heart where visceral pericardium turns on itself and
becomes this, covers the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium.
✔✔Compare and contrast pulmonary, coronary, and systemic circulation. -
✔✔Pulmonary circuit - consists of vessels that transport oxygen-poor blood from the
,right ventricle ti the alveolar capillaries in the lungs and vessels that transport oxygen-
rich blood back to the left atrium.
Systemic circuit - composed of vessels that lead from the left ventricle to al body parts
and back to the heart. Includes aorta and its branches as well as the system of veins
that return blood to the right atrium.
Coronary circuit - supply blood to the heart muscle.
✔✔What terms are used to describe abnormal heart rhythms? - ✔✔Tachycardia -
heartbeat that is too fast. (over 100 bpm)
Bradycardia - heartbeat that is too slow. (less than 60 bpm)
✔✔Describe the pathway of blood into, through, and out of the heart - including valves. -
✔✔Oxygen-poor blood enters the RIGHT ATRIUM through both vena cava and the
coronary sinus -- from right atrium it goes through TRICUSPID VALVE to the RIGHT
VENTRICLE -- from right ventricle it goes through the PULMONARY SEMILUNAR
VALVES to the PULMONARY TRUNK -- from pulmonary trunk it goes into the LEFT
AND RIGHT PULMONARY ARTERIES to the lungs -- from lungs it is returned to the
heart from the PULMONARY VEINS -- blood flows into the LEFT ATRIUM -- blood flows
through the BICUSPID VALVE into the LEFT VENTRICLE -- it goes through the
AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVES -- into the ASCENDING AORTA
✔✔What is arteriosclerosis? How does it occur? - ✔✔Hardening of the arteries.
Occurs when fat, cholesterol and other substances build up in the walls of the arteries
and form plaque.
✔✔Describe the pathway of the cardiac conduction system. - ✔✔SA node - reaches
threshold spontaneously, AV node - only normal pathway, AV Bundle, Perkinje fibers.
✔✔Describe an EKG. What is occurring within the heart during each part of the EKG? -
✔✔Recording of the electrical changes in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle.
First deflection produces P wave. When electrical change ends it goes to QRS complex.
✔✔What types of cells provide our immunity? - ✔✔Lymphocytes/white blood cells
✔✔What is the function of lymph? - ✔✔Helps rid the body of toxins, waste, and other
unwanted materials.
✔✔How does stress affect immunity? - ✔✔Suppresses the immune system function
✔✔Compare and contrast passive vs. active immunity. - ✔✔Active - form of immunity
that develops after a primary immune response, such as live pathogen and
development of symptoms. Cells produce antibodies.
, Passive - form of immunity in which a person's cells do not produce antibodies, they
receive them such as vaccination.
✔✔Compare and contrast primary versus secondary immune responses. - ✔✔Primary -
body is first exposed to antigen. Lymphocyte is activated.
Secondary - same antigen is encountered at later time. Faster and of greater
magnitude.
✔✔Describe lymphatic vessels - ✔✔Thin walled, valve structures that carry lymph.
✔✔How is interleukin-1 used? - ✔✔It helps activate T cells.
✔✔Describe the roles of IgG, IgD, IgE, IgA, and IgM. - ✔✔IgG - Defends against
bacteria, viruses, and toxins; activates complement
IgD - B cell activation
IgE - Promotes inflammation and allergic responses
IgA - Defends against bacteria and viruses.
IgM - Reacts with antigens on some red blood cell membranes following mismatched
blood transfusion; activates complement
✔✔Compare and contrast innate barriers vs. adaptive immunity. - ✔✔Innate Barriers -
Non-specific defenses. Consists of: species resistance, mechanical barriers (ex. skin),
inflammation, chemical barriers (ex. low pH in stomach), natural killer cells,
phagocytosis, and fever.
Adaptive Immunity - Specific defenses. Consists of: antigens, lymphocyte origins, T
cells and the cellular immune response, B cells and humoral immune response, and
immune responses.
✔✔Describe the different glands associated with the lymphatic system. What are their
functions? - ✔✔Lymph - absorb and transport lipids. Returns small protein molecules
and fluid to the bloodstream. Transports foreign particles to the lymph nodes. Contains
white blood cells to fight off infection.
Lymph vessels - carry lymph throughout your body.
Lymph nodes - Filters harmful foreign particles, returns lymph to bloodstream. Act
against foreign particles. Macrophages remove foreign particles from lymph.
✔✔How is the ANS used to regulate blood pressure? - ✔✔It regulates the degree of
constriction/dilation of the blood vessels in the body.
Constriction = increase of blood pressure
Dilation = decrease of blood pressure
Alters cardiac output which influences blood pressure.
✔✔What are the functions of the cardiovascular system? - ✔✔Transport of nutrients,
oxygen and hormones to cells throughout the body. Removal of metabolic wastes
(carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes).
Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood.
✔✔What factors can influence heart rate and/or blood pressure? - ✔✔Nutrition,
smoking, alcohol, exercise and medications.
✔✔Identify the major arteries/veins of the body. - ✔✔Arteries - Brachiocephalic artery,
Left common carotid artery, and Left subclavian artery.
Veins - Superior and Inferior vena cava.
✔✔At any given moment, where can blood be found in the body? - ✔✔The veins
✔✔Describe the layers of the heart and pericardium. - ✔✔Heart - epicardium (outer),
myocardium (middle), and endocardium (inner).
Epicardium - reduces friction. Serous membrane that consists of connective tissue
covered by epithelium and includes capillaries and nerve fibers.
Myocardium - thick and consists largely of the cardiac muscle tissue.
Endocardium - consists of epithelium and underlying connective tissue with many
elastic and collagen fibers. Contains blood vessels and covers some specialized cardiac
cells. Lines all of the heart chambers and covers the structures that project into them.
Pericardium - covering that encloses the heart and the proximal ends of the large blood
vessels to which it attaches.
Fibrous pericardium - outer fibrous bag, surrounds more delicate, double-layered serous
membrane.
Visceral pericardium - innermost layer of serous membrane, covers the heart.
Parietal pericardium - base of the heart where visceral pericardium turns on itself and
becomes this, covers the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium.
✔✔Compare and contrast pulmonary, coronary, and systemic circulation. -
✔✔Pulmonary circuit - consists of vessels that transport oxygen-poor blood from the
,right ventricle ti the alveolar capillaries in the lungs and vessels that transport oxygen-
rich blood back to the left atrium.
Systemic circuit - composed of vessels that lead from the left ventricle to al body parts
and back to the heart. Includes aorta and its branches as well as the system of veins
that return blood to the right atrium.
Coronary circuit - supply blood to the heart muscle.
✔✔What terms are used to describe abnormal heart rhythms? - ✔✔Tachycardia -
heartbeat that is too fast. (over 100 bpm)
Bradycardia - heartbeat that is too slow. (less than 60 bpm)
✔✔Describe the pathway of blood into, through, and out of the heart - including valves. -
✔✔Oxygen-poor blood enters the RIGHT ATRIUM through both vena cava and the
coronary sinus -- from right atrium it goes through TRICUSPID VALVE to the RIGHT
VENTRICLE -- from right ventricle it goes through the PULMONARY SEMILUNAR
VALVES to the PULMONARY TRUNK -- from pulmonary trunk it goes into the LEFT
AND RIGHT PULMONARY ARTERIES to the lungs -- from lungs it is returned to the
heart from the PULMONARY VEINS -- blood flows into the LEFT ATRIUM -- blood flows
through the BICUSPID VALVE into the LEFT VENTRICLE -- it goes through the
AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVES -- into the ASCENDING AORTA
✔✔What is arteriosclerosis? How does it occur? - ✔✔Hardening of the arteries.
Occurs when fat, cholesterol and other substances build up in the walls of the arteries
and form plaque.
✔✔Describe the pathway of the cardiac conduction system. - ✔✔SA node - reaches
threshold spontaneously, AV node - only normal pathway, AV Bundle, Perkinje fibers.
✔✔Describe an EKG. What is occurring within the heart during each part of the EKG? -
✔✔Recording of the electrical changes in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle.
First deflection produces P wave. When electrical change ends it goes to QRS complex.
✔✔What types of cells provide our immunity? - ✔✔Lymphocytes/white blood cells
✔✔What is the function of lymph? - ✔✔Helps rid the body of toxins, waste, and other
unwanted materials.
✔✔How does stress affect immunity? - ✔✔Suppresses the immune system function
✔✔Compare and contrast passive vs. active immunity. - ✔✔Active - form of immunity
that develops after a primary immune response, such as live pathogen and
development of symptoms. Cells produce antibodies.
, Passive - form of immunity in which a person's cells do not produce antibodies, they
receive them such as vaccination.
✔✔Compare and contrast primary versus secondary immune responses. - ✔✔Primary -
body is first exposed to antigen. Lymphocyte is activated.
Secondary - same antigen is encountered at later time. Faster and of greater
magnitude.
✔✔Describe lymphatic vessels - ✔✔Thin walled, valve structures that carry lymph.
✔✔How is interleukin-1 used? - ✔✔It helps activate T cells.
✔✔Describe the roles of IgG, IgD, IgE, IgA, and IgM. - ✔✔IgG - Defends against
bacteria, viruses, and toxins; activates complement
IgD - B cell activation
IgE - Promotes inflammation and allergic responses
IgA - Defends against bacteria and viruses.
IgM - Reacts with antigens on some red blood cell membranes following mismatched
blood transfusion; activates complement
✔✔Compare and contrast innate barriers vs. adaptive immunity. - ✔✔Innate Barriers -
Non-specific defenses. Consists of: species resistance, mechanical barriers (ex. skin),
inflammation, chemical barriers (ex. low pH in stomach), natural killer cells,
phagocytosis, and fever.
Adaptive Immunity - Specific defenses. Consists of: antigens, lymphocyte origins, T
cells and the cellular immune response, B cells and humoral immune response, and
immune responses.
✔✔Describe the different glands associated with the lymphatic system. What are their
functions? - ✔✔Lymph - absorb and transport lipids. Returns small protein molecules
and fluid to the bloodstream. Transports foreign particles to the lymph nodes. Contains
white blood cells to fight off infection.
Lymph vessels - carry lymph throughout your body.
Lymph nodes - Filters harmful foreign particles, returns lymph to bloodstream. Act
against foreign particles. Macrophages remove foreign particles from lymph.
