NURO 548 EXAM 1 REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
NURO 548 STUDY GUIDE & PRACTICE TEST 2026/2027
Nucleus - ANS ✔✔Control center of the cell. Contains DNA in the form of genes.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS ✔✔System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm.
Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as
proteins within the cytoplasm
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS ✔✔An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized,
calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.
Mitochondria - ANS ✔✔An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical
processes of respiration and energy production occur.
Golgi Apparatus - ANS ✔✔A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the
cell
Lysosomes - ANS ✔✔An organelle containing digestive enzymes
Nernst potential - ANS ✔✔equilibrium potential
Nernst equation - ANS ✔✔an equation predicting the voltage needed to just counterbalance the
diffusion force pushing an ion across a semipermeable membrane from the side with a high
concentration to the side with a low concentration
Action potential - ANS ✔✔the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse
along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.
resting potential - ANS ✔✔The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's
cell membrane
threshold potential - ANS ✔✔The minimum membrane potential that must be reached in order for an
action potential to be generated.
fluid homeostasis - ANS ✔✔dynamic interplay of three processes: fluid intake and absorption, fluid
distribution, and fluid output
Apoptosis - ANS ✔✔programmed cell death
cell necrosis - ANS ✔✔cellular death due to stressors of insults that overwhelm the cell's ability to
survive, it is irreversible. You get an enlarged cell size, disrupted plasma membrane, cellular contents
leak out of cell and frequent adjacent inflammation
cancer initiation - ANS ✔✔Mutations must occur in at least 2 types of genes:
, - proto-oncogenes
- tumor suppressor genes
Cancer growth - ANS ✔✔Cancer cells grow at the detriment of normal cells by using nutrients and space
Cancer cells grow faster than normal cells
Cancer cells can overrun entire organs
Cancer cells can undergo angiogenesis and stimulate blood vessel formation
Cancer Metastasis - ANS ✔✔Spread of cancer cells through body. Lymph nodes do not filter out cancer
cells because they are not recognized as "foreign." Cancer cells use lymph system as vehicle for spread
through body
Proto-oncogenes - ANS ✔✔the corresponding normal cellular genes that are responsible for normal cell
growth and division
oncogenes - ANS ✔✔genes that cause cancer by blocking the normal controls on cell reproduction
tumor suppressor genes - ANS ✔✔A gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby
preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer.
Genetic mutations - ANS ✔✔Changes in the genetic material of cells that passes from one generation to
another.
Punnett squares - ANS ✔✔a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding
experiment
genotype - ANS ✔✔An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
Hematopoiesis - ANS ✔✔production of blood cells
Hemostasis - ANS ✔✔to stop or control bleeding
Anemias - ANS ✔✔a disorder characterized by lower than normal levels of red blood cells in the blood
Myeloproliferative disorders - ANS ✔✔a group of disorders considered clonal malignancies of the
hematopoietic stem cell
Iron cycle - ANS ✔✔Iron (Fe) is also recycled made possible by the plasma carrier, transferrin. Tissue
macrophages (primarily in the spleen) break down ingested erythrocytes and return iron to the
bloodstream directly or after storing it as a ferritin or hemosiderin.
Hemoglobin synthesis - ANS ✔✔very dependent on nutritional intake. Two of the most important
nutrients are Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and Iron.
Leukemias - ANS ✔✔cancers that arise in the blood cell making tissues
Lymphomas - ANS ✔✔Cancers that arise in organs of the immune system.
NURO 548 STUDY GUIDE & PRACTICE TEST 2026/2027
Nucleus - ANS ✔✔Control center of the cell. Contains DNA in the form of genes.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS ✔✔System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm.
Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as
proteins within the cytoplasm
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS ✔✔An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized,
calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.
Mitochondria - ANS ✔✔An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical
processes of respiration and energy production occur.
Golgi Apparatus - ANS ✔✔A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the
cell
Lysosomes - ANS ✔✔An organelle containing digestive enzymes
Nernst potential - ANS ✔✔equilibrium potential
Nernst equation - ANS ✔✔an equation predicting the voltage needed to just counterbalance the
diffusion force pushing an ion across a semipermeable membrane from the side with a high
concentration to the side with a low concentration
Action potential - ANS ✔✔the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse
along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.
resting potential - ANS ✔✔The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's
cell membrane
threshold potential - ANS ✔✔The minimum membrane potential that must be reached in order for an
action potential to be generated.
fluid homeostasis - ANS ✔✔dynamic interplay of three processes: fluid intake and absorption, fluid
distribution, and fluid output
Apoptosis - ANS ✔✔programmed cell death
cell necrosis - ANS ✔✔cellular death due to stressors of insults that overwhelm the cell's ability to
survive, it is irreversible. You get an enlarged cell size, disrupted plasma membrane, cellular contents
leak out of cell and frequent adjacent inflammation
cancer initiation - ANS ✔✔Mutations must occur in at least 2 types of genes:
, - proto-oncogenes
- tumor suppressor genes
Cancer growth - ANS ✔✔Cancer cells grow at the detriment of normal cells by using nutrients and space
Cancer cells grow faster than normal cells
Cancer cells can overrun entire organs
Cancer cells can undergo angiogenesis and stimulate blood vessel formation
Cancer Metastasis - ANS ✔✔Spread of cancer cells through body. Lymph nodes do not filter out cancer
cells because they are not recognized as "foreign." Cancer cells use lymph system as vehicle for spread
through body
Proto-oncogenes - ANS ✔✔the corresponding normal cellular genes that are responsible for normal cell
growth and division
oncogenes - ANS ✔✔genes that cause cancer by blocking the normal controls on cell reproduction
tumor suppressor genes - ANS ✔✔A gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby
preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer.
Genetic mutations - ANS ✔✔Changes in the genetic material of cells that passes from one generation to
another.
Punnett squares - ANS ✔✔a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding
experiment
genotype - ANS ✔✔An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
Hematopoiesis - ANS ✔✔production of blood cells
Hemostasis - ANS ✔✔to stop or control bleeding
Anemias - ANS ✔✔a disorder characterized by lower than normal levels of red blood cells in the blood
Myeloproliferative disorders - ANS ✔✔a group of disorders considered clonal malignancies of the
hematopoietic stem cell
Iron cycle - ANS ✔✔Iron (Fe) is also recycled made possible by the plasma carrier, transferrin. Tissue
macrophages (primarily in the spleen) break down ingested erythrocytes and return iron to the
bloodstream directly or after storing it as a ferritin or hemosiderin.
Hemoglobin synthesis - ANS ✔✔very dependent on nutritional intake. Two of the most important
nutrients are Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and Iron.
Leukemias - ANS ✔✔cancers that arise in the blood cell making tissues
Lymphomas - ANS ✔✔Cancers that arise in organs of the immune system.
