MN 551 MIDTERM + FINAL PREP -ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY |ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS|BRAND NEW 2026-2027
UPDATE|GRADED A+
Question 1
A 35-year-old female ultramarathon runner is admitted to the hospital following a
day-long, 50-mile race because her urinary volume is drastically decreased and her urine
is dark red. Tests indicate that she is in the initiating phase of acute tubular necrosis.
Why is her urine red?
A) Hematuria
B) Hemoglobinuria
C) Myoglobinuria
D) Kidney bleeding
CORRECT ANSWER
Myoglobinuria
Question 2
During a discussion on cellular components and their function, a student asked the
instructor the purpose of messenger RNA (mRNA). Of the following, which is the
most accurate answer?
A) Transports amino acids to the site of protein synthesis
B) Acts as an inner nuclear support membrane for a rigid network of
protein filaments that bind DNA to the nucleus
C) Performs an active role of protein synthesis, where mRNA molecules direct
the assembly of proteins on ribosomes to the cytoplasm
1
, D) Assists cells in forming neoplastic progression by altering the response of
chromatin in the nuclear matrix
CORRECT ANSWER
Performs an active role of protein synthesis, where mRNA molecules direct
the assembly of proteins on ribosomes to the cytoplasm
Question 3
The nurse is providing care for a client with a diagnosis of cirrhosis, and she notes that
the client's sclerae are jaundiced. The nurse recalls that jaundice is a pigment that can
accumulate in which part of the cell?
A) Nucleus
B) Cytoplasm
C) Golgi apparatus
D) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
CORRECT ANSWER
Cytoplasm
Question 4
A 14-year-old female has been experiencing severe internal cramps in the region of the
pelvis and weight loss.She has been admitted with rectal bleeding.The physician has
diagnosed her with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). She asks the nurse what causes
this disease. The nurse will base her response knowing that IBD has been linked to
A) liver involvement in faulty glycogen stores.
B) endoplasmic reticulum stress in the gastrointestinal system.
C) oversecretion of insulin from the beta cells in the pancreas.
2
,D) infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract by bacterial
toxins.
CORRECT ANSWER
endoplasmic reticulum stress in the gastrointestinal system.
Question 5
A professor is teaching a group of students about the role of mitochondria within
the cell. Which of the following statements is true of mitochondria?
A) They are the site of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.
B) The number of mitochondria in a cell is equal to the number of nuclei.
C) They are replicated within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
D) Mitochondrial DNA is inherited
patrilineally.
CORRECT ANSWER
They are the site of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.
Question 6
A patient has been diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease called multiple
sclerosis (MS). The physician explains to the patient that this disease may be caused by
dysregulated apoptosis. Later that day, the patient asks the nurse what this means. The
nurse should reply,
A) "The cells around your nerves don't know how to die correctly."
B) "The cytoplasm should neutralize the various apoptotic inhibitors but isn't
working correctly."
C) "Dysregulated apoptosis has caused an excessive rate of programmed cell death
3
, along the neuropathways."
D) "There is an inappropriately low rate of apoptosis occurring within the
cells."
CORRECT ANSWER
"Dysregulated apoptosis has caused an excessive rate of programmed cell death
along the neuropathways."
Question 7
A patient experiencing immotile cilia syndrome should be frequently assessed by the
nurse for which priority complication?
A) Epistaxis resulting from loss of cilia in the nasal passageway
B) Bronchiectasis due to interferences with clearance of inhaled bacteria along the
respiratory tract
C) Sterility caused by inability of the sperm to swim downstream
D) Inability to hear soft sounds related to kinocilium on the hair cells in the inner
ear
CORRECT ANSWER
Bronchiectasis due to interferences with clearance of inhaled bacteria along the
respiratory tract
Question 8
A community health care worker is explaining to a group of factory workers the
importance of wearing gloves when working with strong chemicals such as turpentine
and paint thinner. Which of the following characteristics of cell membranes underlies
the nurse's teaching?
4
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY |ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS|BRAND NEW 2026-2027
UPDATE|GRADED A+
Question 1
A 35-year-old female ultramarathon runner is admitted to the hospital following a
day-long, 50-mile race because her urinary volume is drastically decreased and her urine
is dark red. Tests indicate that she is in the initiating phase of acute tubular necrosis.
Why is her urine red?
A) Hematuria
B) Hemoglobinuria
C) Myoglobinuria
D) Kidney bleeding
CORRECT ANSWER
Myoglobinuria
Question 2
During a discussion on cellular components and their function, a student asked the
instructor the purpose of messenger RNA (mRNA). Of the following, which is the
most accurate answer?
A) Transports amino acids to the site of protein synthesis
B) Acts as an inner nuclear support membrane for a rigid network of
protein filaments that bind DNA to the nucleus
C) Performs an active role of protein synthesis, where mRNA molecules direct
the assembly of proteins on ribosomes to the cytoplasm
1
, D) Assists cells in forming neoplastic progression by altering the response of
chromatin in the nuclear matrix
CORRECT ANSWER
Performs an active role of protein synthesis, where mRNA molecules direct
the assembly of proteins on ribosomes to the cytoplasm
Question 3
The nurse is providing care for a client with a diagnosis of cirrhosis, and she notes that
the client's sclerae are jaundiced. The nurse recalls that jaundice is a pigment that can
accumulate in which part of the cell?
A) Nucleus
B) Cytoplasm
C) Golgi apparatus
D) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
CORRECT ANSWER
Cytoplasm
Question 4
A 14-year-old female has been experiencing severe internal cramps in the region of the
pelvis and weight loss.She has been admitted with rectal bleeding.The physician has
diagnosed her with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). She asks the nurse what causes
this disease. The nurse will base her response knowing that IBD has been linked to
A) liver involvement in faulty glycogen stores.
B) endoplasmic reticulum stress in the gastrointestinal system.
C) oversecretion of insulin from the beta cells in the pancreas.
2
,D) infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract by bacterial
toxins.
CORRECT ANSWER
endoplasmic reticulum stress in the gastrointestinal system.
Question 5
A professor is teaching a group of students about the role of mitochondria within
the cell. Which of the following statements is true of mitochondria?
A) They are the site of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.
B) The number of mitochondria in a cell is equal to the number of nuclei.
C) They are replicated within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
D) Mitochondrial DNA is inherited
patrilineally.
CORRECT ANSWER
They are the site of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.
Question 6
A patient has been diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease called multiple
sclerosis (MS). The physician explains to the patient that this disease may be caused by
dysregulated apoptosis. Later that day, the patient asks the nurse what this means. The
nurse should reply,
A) "The cells around your nerves don't know how to die correctly."
B) "The cytoplasm should neutralize the various apoptotic inhibitors but isn't
working correctly."
C) "Dysregulated apoptosis has caused an excessive rate of programmed cell death
3
, along the neuropathways."
D) "There is an inappropriately low rate of apoptosis occurring within the
cells."
CORRECT ANSWER
"Dysregulated apoptosis has caused an excessive rate of programmed cell death
along the neuropathways."
Question 7
A patient experiencing immotile cilia syndrome should be frequently assessed by the
nurse for which priority complication?
A) Epistaxis resulting from loss of cilia in the nasal passageway
B) Bronchiectasis due to interferences with clearance of inhaled bacteria along the
respiratory tract
C) Sterility caused by inability of the sperm to swim downstream
D) Inability to hear soft sounds related to kinocilium on the hair cells in the inner
ear
CORRECT ANSWER
Bronchiectasis due to interferences with clearance of inhaled bacteria along the
respiratory tract
Question 8
A community health care worker is explaining to a group of factory workers the
importance of wearing gloves when working with strong chemicals such as turpentine
and paint thinner. Which of the following characteristics of cell membranes underlies
the nurse's teaching?
4
