NURB 3050 Test 1 And 2: Infections
Study Guide Questions with
Correct/Verified Answers 2026-2027
Updated.
Describe the steps of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome and apply this to a stressful
situation you have encountered. - Answer Alarm Stage
◦ Body defenses are mobilized
◦ Activates "fight or flight" mechanisms (p.185)
Hypothalamus
Sympathetic nervous system~ NE & Epinephrine
Adrenal Gland~ Cortisol
Resistance Stage
◦ Hormonal levels elevated-stimulating energy
Exhaustion Stage
◦ Body unable to respond further or damaged by increased demands
What happens physiologically during each of the steps? - Answer ...
What is a stressor? - Answer Any factor that creates a significant changes in body or
environment
Describe the physiological response known as pain? - Answer Unpleasant sensation, a feeling
of discomfort resulting from stimulation of pain receptors.
What are the major types of pain? - Answer Somatic pain, visceral, incisional, and
acute/chronic.
What are the receptors responsible for pain perception/response? - Answer Nocioreceptors
What are the steps of the inflammatory response? - Answer 1.Tissue injury 2. Release of
chemical mediators 3. Leukocyte migration 4. Phagocytosis 5. Tissue Healing
Who are the primary mediators and what do each of them do physiologically? - Answer -
histamine: vasodilator - increased capillary permeability to form exudate
,- leukotrienes: later response: vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, chemotaxis
- prostagladins: mediate pain perception, vasodilation and increased capillary permeability,
fever
- platelet-activating factor (PAF): activate neutrophils, platelet aggregation
- cytokines: increase plasma proteins, ESR, induce fever, chemotaxis, leukocytosis
- kinins: vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, pain, chemotaxis
What occurs during each of the steps physiologically? - Answer ...
Local inflammatory response - Answer Local- redness, warmth, erythema, swelling (edema),
pain, loss of function.
Systemic inflammatory response - Answer Systemic- malaise (extreme tiredness), fatigue,
headache, anorexia, fever, and SIRS (systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome).
What are the common complications of healing? - Answer Loss of function, contractures and
obstructions, adhesions, hypertrophic scar tissue, and ulcerations.
What is healing by primary intention? secondary intention? - Answer ...
Describe the healing process. - Answer Platelet aggregation ~Blood clot formation seals the
area
Collagenation ~ Fibroblasts enter\produce collagen
Angiogenesis ~ revascularization
Proliferation ~ granulation tissue
-Epithelialization ~ epithelial cells divide, grow and spread
Remodeling ~ cellular molding
-Granulation tissue grows in wound bed
What is the most lethal event for a cell when it is damaged? - Answer Apoptosis? Necrosis?
HELP!!!!!
What is the outcome of anaerobic metabolism? - Answer Energy, ATP... Is this what the
question means???
What is normal flora? - Answer Microbes that normally reside on or in human tissue, do not
cause disease under normal circumstances, can become pathogenic if moved/allowed to
translocate
, What is an epidemic disease? - Answer Epidemic- sudden severe outbreak within a region or
group. Ex.) AIDS in Africa.
What is a pandemic disease? - Answer Pandemic- epidemic very widespread over an entire
region, continent, or worldwide. Ex.) HIV.
What is an endemic disease? - Answer Endemic- present in a community at all times but in
relatively low frequency; typically restricted or peculiar to a locality or region.
What does virulence mean? - Answer Capacity to cause disease, capacity to invade, secretion
of toxins, adherence to tissue, ability to avoid host defenses
What are the 10 most common modes of transmission of disease? - Answer Human Fingers
What is nosocomial? - Answer any infection acquired while in hospital or clinic environment.
What is community acquired? - Answer Community acquired- infection acquired outside
hospital or clinic environment
What is an incubation period? - Answer Time between exposure to pathogenic organism and
entry to clinical signs
What is bacteremia? - Answer When organisms enter and circulate in the blood in small
numbers for a short time, may occur as a transient problem.
What is septicemia? - Answer A situation in which the pathogens are circulating and
reproducing in the blood, affecting all systems and threatening life.
What is septic shock? - Answer Vasodilation owing to severe infection, often with gram-
negative bacteria.
What are the systemic signs of infection? - Answer High fever (pyrexia), elevated heart rate,
blood pressure variations, fatigue, headache, nausea, and lymphadenopathy
What is a culture and sensitivity report? - Answer Identification of organism; test done with
blood, urine, sputum, specific tissue/fluids. Receive full report in 3 days
Study Guide Questions with
Correct/Verified Answers 2026-2027
Updated.
Describe the steps of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome and apply this to a stressful
situation you have encountered. - Answer Alarm Stage
◦ Body defenses are mobilized
◦ Activates "fight or flight" mechanisms (p.185)
Hypothalamus
Sympathetic nervous system~ NE & Epinephrine
Adrenal Gland~ Cortisol
Resistance Stage
◦ Hormonal levels elevated-stimulating energy
Exhaustion Stage
◦ Body unable to respond further or damaged by increased demands
What happens physiologically during each of the steps? - Answer ...
What is a stressor? - Answer Any factor that creates a significant changes in body or
environment
Describe the physiological response known as pain? - Answer Unpleasant sensation, a feeling
of discomfort resulting from stimulation of pain receptors.
What are the major types of pain? - Answer Somatic pain, visceral, incisional, and
acute/chronic.
What are the receptors responsible for pain perception/response? - Answer Nocioreceptors
What are the steps of the inflammatory response? - Answer 1.Tissue injury 2. Release of
chemical mediators 3. Leukocyte migration 4. Phagocytosis 5. Tissue Healing
Who are the primary mediators and what do each of them do physiologically? - Answer -
histamine: vasodilator - increased capillary permeability to form exudate
,- leukotrienes: later response: vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, chemotaxis
- prostagladins: mediate pain perception, vasodilation and increased capillary permeability,
fever
- platelet-activating factor (PAF): activate neutrophils, platelet aggregation
- cytokines: increase plasma proteins, ESR, induce fever, chemotaxis, leukocytosis
- kinins: vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, pain, chemotaxis
What occurs during each of the steps physiologically? - Answer ...
Local inflammatory response - Answer Local- redness, warmth, erythema, swelling (edema),
pain, loss of function.
Systemic inflammatory response - Answer Systemic- malaise (extreme tiredness), fatigue,
headache, anorexia, fever, and SIRS (systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome).
What are the common complications of healing? - Answer Loss of function, contractures and
obstructions, adhesions, hypertrophic scar tissue, and ulcerations.
What is healing by primary intention? secondary intention? - Answer ...
Describe the healing process. - Answer Platelet aggregation ~Blood clot formation seals the
area
Collagenation ~ Fibroblasts enter\produce collagen
Angiogenesis ~ revascularization
Proliferation ~ granulation tissue
-Epithelialization ~ epithelial cells divide, grow and spread
Remodeling ~ cellular molding
-Granulation tissue grows in wound bed
What is the most lethal event for a cell when it is damaged? - Answer Apoptosis? Necrosis?
HELP!!!!!
What is the outcome of anaerobic metabolism? - Answer Energy, ATP... Is this what the
question means???
What is normal flora? - Answer Microbes that normally reside on or in human tissue, do not
cause disease under normal circumstances, can become pathogenic if moved/allowed to
translocate
, What is an epidemic disease? - Answer Epidemic- sudden severe outbreak within a region or
group. Ex.) AIDS in Africa.
What is a pandemic disease? - Answer Pandemic- epidemic very widespread over an entire
region, continent, or worldwide. Ex.) HIV.
What is an endemic disease? - Answer Endemic- present in a community at all times but in
relatively low frequency; typically restricted or peculiar to a locality or region.
What does virulence mean? - Answer Capacity to cause disease, capacity to invade, secretion
of toxins, adherence to tissue, ability to avoid host defenses
What are the 10 most common modes of transmission of disease? - Answer Human Fingers
What is nosocomial? - Answer any infection acquired while in hospital or clinic environment.
What is community acquired? - Answer Community acquired- infection acquired outside
hospital or clinic environment
What is an incubation period? - Answer Time between exposure to pathogenic organism and
entry to clinical signs
What is bacteremia? - Answer When organisms enter and circulate in the blood in small
numbers for a short time, may occur as a transient problem.
What is septicemia? - Answer A situation in which the pathogens are circulating and
reproducing in the blood, affecting all systems and threatening life.
What is septic shock? - Answer Vasodilation owing to severe infection, often with gram-
negative bacteria.
What are the systemic signs of infection? - Answer High fever (pyrexia), elevated heart rate,
blood pressure variations, fatigue, headache, nausea, and lymphadenopathy
What is a culture and sensitivity report? - Answer Identification of organism; test done with
blood, urine, sputum, specific tissue/fluids. Receive full report in 3 days
