NURB 3050 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH QUALITY ANSWERS 2026-2027
EDITION.
Fracture - Answer A fracture is a break in the continuity of bone
How are fractures classified? - Answer complete or incomplete, open or closed
Pathological fracture
Stress fracture
Fatigue fracture
Greenstick fracture
4 stages of bone healing - Answer 1.Hematoma formation
2.Inflammatory phase
3.Reparative phase
4.Remodeling phase
Fracture clinical manifestations - Answer ◦Unnatural alignment (deformity), swelling, muscle
spasm, tenderness, pain, impaired sensation, and decreased mobility
◦Often transient numbness due to nerve trauma
Fracture Treatment - Answer ◦Reduction and Internal Fixation
Bones are realigned to restore their original structure
Internal fixation - Answer devices such as plates and screws to hold fractures in reduction,
their original position
Immobilization and External Fixation - Answer Prevents movement: splints, cast, surgical
devices such as pins
Traction - Answer Pulling force applied to an extremity or part of the body while a
counterforce pulls in the opposite direction. *Used to maintain alignment & reduction
Strain - Answer ◦Tearing or stretching to a tendon or muscle
, Sprain - Answer ◦Tear or injury to a ligament
Avulsion - Answer ◦Complete separation of a tendon or ligament from its bony attachment site
RICE - Answer rest, ice, compression, elevation (Sprain's and Strains)
osteroporosis - Answer A metabolic bone disease characterized by a loss of mineralized bone
mass causing increased risk of fractures
Pathophysiology: imbalance between bone reabsorption and formation causing bone
reabsorption to exceed bone formation
High risk for spontaneous fractures
potential causes of osteoporosis - Answer ◦Endocrine dysfunction
°Parathyroid hormone, cortisol, thyroid hormone, and growth
hormone
◦Medications
◦Vitamin D deficiency
◦Underlying diseases
◦Low physical activity
◦Abnormal BMI
◦Age
◦Poor nutrition
◦
Fractures are the major complication
Postmenopausal osteoporosis - Answer ◦Middle-aged and older women
◦Estrogen deficiency and secondary causes
◦Remodeling imbalance between the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
Dowager Hump - Answer Wedging and collapse of vertebrae cause a loss of height in the
vertebral column and kyphosis
Bone Tumor (neoplasms) - Answer May originate from bone cells, cartilage, fibrous tissue,
marrow, or vascular tissue
WITH QUALITY ANSWERS 2026-2027
EDITION.
Fracture - Answer A fracture is a break in the continuity of bone
How are fractures classified? - Answer complete or incomplete, open or closed
Pathological fracture
Stress fracture
Fatigue fracture
Greenstick fracture
4 stages of bone healing - Answer 1.Hematoma formation
2.Inflammatory phase
3.Reparative phase
4.Remodeling phase
Fracture clinical manifestations - Answer ◦Unnatural alignment (deformity), swelling, muscle
spasm, tenderness, pain, impaired sensation, and decreased mobility
◦Often transient numbness due to nerve trauma
Fracture Treatment - Answer ◦Reduction and Internal Fixation
Bones are realigned to restore their original structure
Internal fixation - Answer devices such as plates and screws to hold fractures in reduction,
their original position
Immobilization and External Fixation - Answer Prevents movement: splints, cast, surgical
devices such as pins
Traction - Answer Pulling force applied to an extremity or part of the body while a
counterforce pulls in the opposite direction. *Used to maintain alignment & reduction
Strain - Answer ◦Tearing or stretching to a tendon or muscle
, Sprain - Answer ◦Tear or injury to a ligament
Avulsion - Answer ◦Complete separation of a tendon or ligament from its bony attachment site
RICE - Answer rest, ice, compression, elevation (Sprain's and Strains)
osteroporosis - Answer A metabolic bone disease characterized by a loss of mineralized bone
mass causing increased risk of fractures
Pathophysiology: imbalance between bone reabsorption and formation causing bone
reabsorption to exceed bone formation
High risk for spontaneous fractures
potential causes of osteoporosis - Answer ◦Endocrine dysfunction
°Parathyroid hormone, cortisol, thyroid hormone, and growth
hormone
◦Medications
◦Vitamin D deficiency
◦Underlying diseases
◦Low physical activity
◦Abnormal BMI
◦Age
◦Poor nutrition
◦
Fractures are the major complication
Postmenopausal osteoporosis - Answer ◦Middle-aged and older women
◦Estrogen deficiency and secondary causes
◦Remodeling imbalance between the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
Dowager Hump - Answer Wedging and collapse of vertebrae cause a loss of height in the
vertebral column and kyphosis
Bone Tumor (neoplasms) - Answer May originate from bone cells, cartilage, fibrous tissue,
marrow, or vascular tissue
