ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY D116
FINAL EXAM MASTERY QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by a decrease in cell size due to a reduction in
protein synthesis and an increase in protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome
pathway?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Metaplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Atrophy is the decrease in cell size. It results from decreased
protein synthesis and increased protein catabolism involving the ubiquitin-proteasome
pathway.
,2. In the context of ischemia-reperfusion injury, which mechanism is primarily responsible for
the massive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
A. Lactic acid accumulation
B. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
C. Xanthine oxidase activation during reoxygenation
D. Loss of lysosomal integrity
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: During ischemia, ATP breakdown leads to hypoxanthine. Upon
reoxygenation, xanthine oxidase uses oxygen to convert hypoxanthine to xanthine,
producing superoxide and hydrogen peroxide.
3. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by the formation of immune
complexes that deposit in vessel walls, leading to complement activation and neutrophil
recruitment?
A. Type I (IgE-mediated)
B. Type II (Cytotoxic)
C. Type IV (Cell-mediated)
D. Type III (Immune Complex-mediated)
Answer: D
, Conceptual Explanation: Type III hypersensitivity involves antigen-antibody complexes
that deposit in tissues, triggering an inflammatory response, as seen in systemic lupus
erythematosus or vasculitis.
4. A patient presents with a serum pH of 7.25, a PaCO2 of 55 mmHg, and a HCO3 of 28 mEq/L.
Which acid-base imbalance is most likely present?
A. Metabolic Acidosis with partial compensation
B. Metabolic Alkalosis with full compensation
C. Respiratory Acidosis with partial compensation
D. Respiratory Alkalosis without compensation
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: The low pH indicates acidosis. The high PaCO2 indicates a
respiratory cause. The slightly elevated HCO3 indicates the kidneys are attempting to
compensate.
5. In the TNM staging system for cancer, what does a ‘T2’ designation generally indicate?
A. The tumor has spread to distant organs.
B. The tumor is larger or deeper in extent than a T1 tumor.
C. There is no evidence of a primary tumor.
D. Two lymph nodes are involved.
Answer: B
FINAL EXAM MASTERY QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by a decrease in cell size due to a reduction in
protein synthesis and an increase in protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome
pathway?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Metaplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Atrophy is the decrease in cell size. It results from decreased
protein synthesis and increased protein catabolism involving the ubiquitin-proteasome
pathway.
,2. In the context of ischemia-reperfusion injury, which mechanism is primarily responsible for
the massive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
A. Lactic acid accumulation
B. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
C. Xanthine oxidase activation during reoxygenation
D. Loss of lysosomal integrity
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: During ischemia, ATP breakdown leads to hypoxanthine. Upon
reoxygenation, xanthine oxidase uses oxygen to convert hypoxanthine to xanthine,
producing superoxide and hydrogen peroxide.
3. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by the formation of immune
complexes that deposit in vessel walls, leading to complement activation and neutrophil
recruitment?
A. Type I (IgE-mediated)
B. Type II (Cytotoxic)
C. Type IV (Cell-mediated)
D. Type III (Immune Complex-mediated)
Answer: D
, Conceptual Explanation: Type III hypersensitivity involves antigen-antibody complexes
that deposit in tissues, triggering an inflammatory response, as seen in systemic lupus
erythematosus or vasculitis.
4. A patient presents with a serum pH of 7.25, a PaCO2 of 55 mmHg, and a HCO3 of 28 mEq/L.
Which acid-base imbalance is most likely present?
A. Metabolic Acidosis with partial compensation
B. Metabolic Alkalosis with full compensation
C. Respiratory Acidosis with partial compensation
D. Respiratory Alkalosis without compensation
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: The low pH indicates acidosis. The high PaCO2 indicates a
respiratory cause. The slightly elevated HCO3 indicates the kidneys are attempting to
compensate.
5. In the TNM staging system for cancer, what does a ‘T2’ designation generally indicate?
A. The tumor has spread to distant organs.
B. The tumor is larger or deeper in extent than a T1 tumor.
C. There is no evidence of a primary tumor.
D. Two lymph nodes are involved.
Answer: B
