IUPUI K356 ACTUAL FINALS ANSWERS AND
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Antigenic Shift - A dramatic change in antigenic character of a virulence factor. This
is a huge change, very fast. This is the reason *influenza virus* continues to be a
problem. It has 8 segments of chromosomes that can shuffle with other strains of
influenza virus, leading to a new strain.
✔✔Typhoid Mary - Infamous carrier of Salmonella enterica, which causes typhoid fever.
✔✔Zoonosis - Animal diseases that can be contracted by humans.
✔✔Vector - Organism that transmit disease from one host to another, without
contracting the disease itself. Ticks do this with Lyme disease. Fleas do this with
plague.
✔✔Nosocomial Infection - Hospital acquired infection
✔✔Direct - A way of contracting pathogens. Can be:
*Direct Touching*
*Airborne*: droplets in the air get inhaled
*Vertical Contact*: mother to child
*Vectors*
✔✔Indirect - A way of contracting pathogens. Can be:
*Food/water*
*Contact with nonliving things*: Fomites
*Airborne*: From a distance, it exists in the air of the environment
✔✔Select Agent - Pathogens that are really, really bad. Homeland security is always
involved if you want to work with them. They warrant BSL-4.
, ✔✔Anthrax (bioterrorism) - These spores were used in bioterrorism by putting them in
letters. They tracked down the suspect by testing mailboxes in NJ for these spores, and
sequenced the genome of the spores. We aren't sure who was behind it because the
main suspect, Dr. Bruce Ivins, committed suicide.
✔✔West Nile Virus - This virus is carried by a mosquito vector. Can be asymptomatic,
or cause mild fever or encephalitis. Came to NYC in 1999, killed birds and then got to
humans. Proceeded to spread really fast throughout the US.
✔✔SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) - This virus started in China in 2002.
Spread to Canada and US. Identified as a coronavirus. Found that civets (wild cat) in
China were the source of the virus.
✔✔MERS (Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome) - Virus that started in the Middle
East in 2012. Camels may be the reservoir for it.
✔✔Plague - Caused by an Enterobacteriaceae, Yersinia pestis. It's natural reservoir is
in rats, where it suppresses the immune system to grow and multiply up to 10^8 CFU
per mL in the blood! Fleas then act as a vector to carry it from rats to humans.
We've had 3 pandemics of this:
1. Plague of Justinian (541-542)
2. Black Death (1348-1350)
3. Third Pandemic (1855-1959)
✔✔Yops - The toxin used by Yersinia pestis. It inhibits phagocytosis and prevents
inflammatory response.
✔✔Bubonic Plague - A type of plague. When the pathogen reaches the lymph nodes
and causes them to inflame. An inflammed lymph node is called a *bubo*.
✔✔Pneumonic Plague - A type of plague. Contracted by inhalation. It is VERY
contagious. The host has 3 days until death.
✔✔Septicemic Plague - A type of plague. When the pathogen spreads systemically.
✔✔Rabies (Rhabdovirus) - This virus has a bullet morphology. It is neurotropic and
most animals can be infected. It is transmitted via saliva. Once contracted, it first
multiplies in the MUSCLE, then attacks neurons to go to the spinal cord. Once there it
travels to the brain and forms *Negri Bodies* (virus factories). It also travels to salivary
glands to be transmitted again.
Symptoms occur 2-6 weeks after exposure. 100% mortality rate after symptoms appear,
BUT we have a vaccine that is 100% effective if given before symptoms.
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Antigenic Shift - A dramatic change in antigenic character of a virulence factor. This
is a huge change, very fast. This is the reason *influenza virus* continues to be a
problem. It has 8 segments of chromosomes that can shuffle with other strains of
influenza virus, leading to a new strain.
✔✔Typhoid Mary - Infamous carrier of Salmonella enterica, which causes typhoid fever.
✔✔Zoonosis - Animal diseases that can be contracted by humans.
✔✔Vector - Organism that transmit disease from one host to another, without
contracting the disease itself. Ticks do this with Lyme disease. Fleas do this with
plague.
✔✔Nosocomial Infection - Hospital acquired infection
✔✔Direct - A way of contracting pathogens. Can be:
*Direct Touching*
*Airborne*: droplets in the air get inhaled
*Vertical Contact*: mother to child
*Vectors*
✔✔Indirect - A way of contracting pathogens. Can be:
*Food/water*
*Contact with nonliving things*: Fomites
*Airborne*: From a distance, it exists in the air of the environment
✔✔Select Agent - Pathogens that are really, really bad. Homeland security is always
involved if you want to work with them. They warrant BSL-4.
, ✔✔Anthrax (bioterrorism) - These spores were used in bioterrorism by putting them in
letters. They tracked down the suspect by testing mailboxes in NJ for these spores, and
sequenced the genome of the spores. We aren't sure who was behind it because the
main suspect, Dr. Bruce Ivins, committed suicide.
✔✔West Nile Virus - This virus is carried by a mosquito vector. Can be asymptomatic,
or cause mild fever or encephalitis. Came to NYC in 1999, killed birds and then got to
humans. Proceeded to spread really fast throughout the US.
✔✔SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) - This virus started in China in 2002.
Spread to Canada and US. Identified as a coronavirus. Found that civets (wild cat) in
China were the source of the virus.
✔✔MERS (Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome) - Virus that started in the Middle
East in 2012. Camels may be the reservoir for it.
✔✔Plague - Caused by an Enterobacteriaceae, Yersinia pestis. It's natural reservoir is
in rats, where it suppresses the immune system to grow and multiply up to 10^8 CFU
per mL in the blood! Fleas then act as a vector to carry it from rats to humans.
We've had 3 pandemics of this:
1. Plague of Justinian (541-542)
2. Black Death (1348-1350)
3. Third Pandemic (1855-1959)
✔✔Yops - The toxin used by Yersinia pestis. It inhibits phagocytosis and prevents
inflammatory response.
✔✔Bubonic Plague - A type of plague. When the pathogen reaches the lymph nodes
and causes them to inflame. An inflammed lymph node is called a *bubo*.
✔✔Pneumonic Plague - A type of plague. Contracted by inhalation. It is VERY
contagious. The host has 3 days until death.
✔✔Septicemic Plague - A type of plague. When the pathogen spreads systemically.
✔✔Rabies (Rhabdovirus) - This virus has a bullet morphology. It is neurotropic and
most animals can be infected. It is transmitted via saliva. Once contracted, it first
multiplies in the MUSCLE, then attacks neurons to go to the spinal cord. Once there it
travels to the brain and forms *Negri Bodies* (virus factories). It also travels to salivary
glands to be transmitted again.
Symptoms occur 2-6 weeks after exposure. 100% mortality rate after symptoms appear,
BUT we have a vaccine that is 100% effective if given before symptoms.
