IUPUI K356 CORRECT EXAMS ANSWERS AND
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Infection - When a parasite is actively growing and multiplying in a host.
✔✔Reservoir - The source of a pathogen. Can be living or nonliving.
✔✔Carrier - When a person is a reservoir for a pathogen, but is asymptomatic.
✔✔Virulence - Degree of pathogenicity
✔✔Virulence Factor - Characteristic that confers virulence in a pathogen
✔✔Infectious Disease - When the host cannot control microbial activity. Can be due to
the number of microbes, virulence of the microbe, or host defense issues.
✔✔LD50 - The dose that kills 50% of hosts. The lower this number, the GREATER the
virulence
✔✔ID50 - The number of microbes needed to infect 50% of hosts.
✔✔Immunology - 1. Phagocytes eat foreign stuff
2. Degrade it with lysozymes
3. Present digested bits to T-cells
4. T-cells produce pro-inflammatory response and all other immune activity
✔✔Shedding - The infectious period of viral infections
✔✔Apoptosis - Programmed cell death
✔✔Pathogenicity Islands - Segments of DNA that are acquired by horizontal gene
transfer that carry virulence factors. They have a different G+C content than the rest of
, the chromosome. These are always associated with tRNA genes, but we don't know
why.
✔✔Tropism - Why infectious agents can only bind to specific parts of specific cells. Pili
and binding proteins are responsible for that specificity. Capsules are also binding
agents, but they are nonspecific
✔✔Pilus - The rod-part of pili
✔✔Adhesin - Located at the tip of a pilus. It's the part that actually does the binding. It's
like glue at the end of a stick.
✔✔Afimbrial Adhesin - An adhesin that does not have a pilus. It's directly on the cell
wall.
✔✔M Protein - Anchored to the cell wall of Streptococcus. Binds to many different
receptors and can change so our immune system can't recognize it.
✔✔Transcytosis - A strategy for invading tissues. Involves traveling through a cell to
reach the other side. Can lead to penetration of deeper tissues and/or the bloodstream,
becoming a systemic infection.
✔✔Bacteremia - Presence of bacteria in the blood
✔✔Septicemia - Presence of bacteria in the blood that are actively growing and
multiplying.
✔✔Induced Uptake - A strategy for invading tissues. Forces a cell to take in the
pathogen.
Example: Salmonella induces actin polymerization inside of the cell, which MAKES the
cell grow around Salmonella until it is completely engulfed.
✔✔Toxoplasma gondii - This protozoan parasite has a strategy of invading cells where
it injects molecules into the cell that act as receptors for its own adhesins, which then
pull the parasite into the cell.
✔✔Toxin - A molecule that alters a host cell function
✔✔Intoxication - Disease that results from a toxin
✔✔Endotoxin - LPS. Lipid A portion induces immune cells to release pyrogens (induce
fever). This can lead to septic shock
✔✔Exotoxin - Toxins that are secreted. Mosty Gram+ have this.
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Infection - When a parasite is actively growing and multiplying in a host.
✔✔Reservoir - The source of a pathogen. Can be living or nonliving.
✔✔Carrier - When a person is a reservoir for a pathogen, but is asymptomatic.
✔✔Virulence - Degree of pathogenicity
✔✔Virulence Factor - Characteristic that confers virulence in a pathogen
✔✔Infectious Disease - When the host cannot control microbial activity. Can be due to
the number of microbes, virulence of the microbe, or host defense issues.
✔✔LD50 - The dose that kills 50% of hosts. The lower this number, the GREATER the
virulence
✔✔ID50 - The number of microbes needed to infect 50% of hosts.
✔✔Immunology - 1. Phagocytes eat foreign stuff
2. Degrade it with lysozymes
3. Present digested bits to T-cells
4. T-cells produce pro-inflammatory response and all other immune activity
✔✔Shedding - The infectious period of viral infections
✔✔Apoptosis - Programmed cell death
✔✔Pathogenicity Islands - Segments of DNA that are acquired by horizontal gene
transfer that carry virulence factors. They have a different G+C content than the rest of
, the chromosome. These are always associated with tRNA genes, but we don't know
why.
✔✔Tropism - Why infectious agents can only bind to specific parts of specific cells. Pili
and binding proteins are responsible for that specificity. Capsules are also binding
agents, but they are nonspecific
✔✔Pilus - The rod-part of pili
✔✔Adhesin - Located at the tip of a pilus. It's the part that actually does the binding. It's
like glue at the end of a stick.
✔✔Afimbrial Adhesin - An adhesin that does not have a pilus. It's directly on the cell
wall.
✔✔M Protein - Anchored to the cell wall of Streptococcus. Binds to many different
receptors and can change so our immune system can't recognize it.
✔✔Transcytosis - A strategy for invading tissues. Involves traveling through a cell to
reach the other side. Can lead to penetration of deeper tissues and/or the bloodstream,
becoming a systemic infection.
✔✔Bacteremia - Presence of bacteria in the blood
✔✔Septicemia - Presence of bacteria in the blood that are actively growing and
multiplying.
✔✔Induced Uptake - A strategy for invading tissues. Forces a cell to take in the
pathogen.
Example: Salmonella induces actin polymerization inside of the cell, which MAKES the
cell grow around Salmonella until it is completely engulfed.
✔✔Toxoplasma gondii - This protozoan parasite has a strategy of invading cells where
it injects molecules into the cell that act as receptors for its own adhesins, which then
pull the parasite into the cell.
✔✔Toxin - A molecule that alters a host cell function
✔✔Intoxication - Disease that results from a toxin
✔✔Endotoxin - LPS. Lipid A portion induces immune cells to release pyrogens (induce
fever). This can lead to septic shock
✔✔Exotoxin - Toxins that are secreted. Mosty Gram+ have this.
