DATA MANAGEMENT FOUNDATIONS
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2026/2027
1. A database administrator is tasked with ensuring that every record in the ‘Orders’ table
corresponds to a valid record in the ‘Customers’ table. Which type of constraint should be
applied?
A. Referential Integrity Constraint
B. Check Constraint
C. Unique Constraint
D. Primary Key Constraint
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Referential integrity is a property of data stating that all its
references are valid. In the context of relational databases, it requires every value of one
attribute (column) of a relation (table) to exist as a value of another attribute in a different
(or the same) relation.
2. Which normal form requires that all non-key attributes are fully functionally dependent on
the entire primary key, and not just a part of it?
A. First Normal Form (1NF)
,B. Third Normal Form (3NF)
C. Second Normal Form (2NF)
D. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Second Normal Form (2NF) addresses partial functional
dependencies. A table is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and every non-prime attribute is fully
functionally dependent on the primary key.
3. In a relational model, what is the term for the number of attributes in a relation?
A. Cardinality
B. Degree
C. Tuple
D. Domain
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Degree refers to the number of attributes (columns) in a
relation. Cardinality refers to the number of tuples (rows).
4. Which SQL command is categorized as Data Definition Language (DDL)?
A. UPDATE
B. INSERT
, C. ALTER
D. GRANT
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: DDL commands like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP are used to
define or modify the structure of the database. UPDATE and INSERT are DML, and GRANT
is DCL.
5. What is the primary purpose of an index in a database?
A. To ensure data integrity
B. To define table relationships
C. To reduce storage space
D. To speed up data retrieval
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: An index is a data structure that improves the speed of data
retrieval operations on a database table at the cost of additional writes and storage space.
6. Which clause in a SELECT statement is used to filter results based on an aggregate function
value?
A. HAVING
B. GROUP BY
C. WHERE
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2026/2027
1. A database administrator is tasked with ensuring that every record in the ‘Orders’ table
corresponds to a valid record in the ‘Customers’ table. Which type of constraint should be
applied?
A. Referential Integrity Constraint
B. Check Constraint
C. Unique Constraint
D. Primary Key Constraint
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Referential integrity is a property of data stating that all its
references are valid. In the context of relational databases, it requires every value of one
attribute (column) of a relation (table) to exist as a value of another attribute in a different
(or the same) relation.
2. Which normal form requires that all non-key attributes are fully functionally dependent on
the entire primary key, and not just a part of it?
A. First Normal Form (1NF)
,B. Third Normal Form (3NF)
C. Second Normal Form (2NF)
D. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Second Normal Form (2NF) addresses partial functional
dependencies. A table is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and every non-prime attribute is fully
functionally dependent on the primary key.
3. In a relational model, what is the term for the number of attributes in a relation?
A. Cardinality
B. Degree
C. Tuple
D. Domain
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Degree refers to the number of attributes (columns) in a
relation. Cardinality refers to the number of tuples (rows).
4. Which SQL command is categorized as Data Definition Language (DDL)?
A. UPDATE
B. INSERT
, C. ALTER
D. GRANT
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: DDL commands like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP are used to
define or modify the structure of the database. UPDATE and INSERT are DML, and GRANT
is DCL.
5. What is the primary purpose of an index in a database?
A. To ensure data integrity
B. To define table relationships
C. To reduce storage space
D. To speed up data retrieval
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: An index is a data structure that improves the speed of data
retrieval operations on a database table at the cost of additional writes and storage space.
6. Which clause in a SELECT statement is used to filter results based on an aggregate function
value?
A. HAVING
B. GROUP BY
C. WHERE
