BBH 101 EXAMS TEST PAPER ANSWERS AND
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔What makes an experimental design strong? - ✔✔Randomization, appropriate
controls, adequate sample size, reliable measurements, minimizing bias, and clearly
defined variables.
✔✔Why is randomization useful? - ✔✔It helps distribute potential confounding variables
between groups and strengthens causal inference.
✔✔Why is a control group useful? - ✔✔It provides a comparison that helps determine
whether an intervention caused an observed effect.
✔✔What is an empirical publication? - ✔✔A publication reporting original data collected
and analyzed by researchers.
✔✔What is a literature review? - ✔✔A synthesis and evaluation of findings from
previously published research.
✔✔What is a meta-analysis? - ✔✔A statistical analysis that combines quantitative
results from multiple studies to estimate an overall effect.
✔✔Literature review vs. meta-analysis - ✔✔A literature review synthesizes studies
qualitatively; a meta-analysis statistically combines results from multiple studies.
✔✔What is the CNS? - ✔✔The central nervous system: brain and spinal cord.
✔✔What is the PNS? - ✔✔The peripheral nervous system: nerves and structures
outside the brain and spinal cord.
✔✔What are the two major divisions of the PNS? - ✔✔Somatic nervous system and
autonomic nervous system.
,✔✔What does the somatic nervous system primarily control? - ✔✔Voluntary skeletal-
muscle movement and sensory information from the body.
✔✔What does the autonomic nervous system primarily regulate? - ✔✔Involuntary
functions such as heart rate, digestion, blood pressure, and gland activity.
✔✔What are the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system? -
✔✔Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
✔✔What does the sympathetic nervous system do? - ✔✔Promotes arousal and the
fight-or-flight response.
✔✔What does the parasympathetic nervous system do? - ✔✔Promotes rest, digestion,
and recovery.
✔✔What are dendrites? - ✔✔Neuron structures that primarily receive incoming signals.
✔✔What is the soma/cell body? - ✔✔The part of the neuron containing the nucleus and
maintaining cellular functions.
✔✔What is the axon? - ✔✔The structure that carries electrical signals away from the
cell body.
✔✔What is the myelin sheath? - ✔✔A fatty insulating layer that increases the speed of
electrical conduction along an axon.
✔✔What are axon terminals? - ✔✔Endings of an axon that release neurotransmitters
into synapses.
✔✔What is a synapse? - ✔✔The junction/communication point between neurons or
between a neuron and another cell.
✔✔What is a neurotransmitter? - ✔✔A chemical messenger released by neurons that
influences another cell.
✔✔What happens when an action potential reaches the axon terminal? -
✔✔Neurotransmitter release is triggered into the synaptic space.
✔✔What is the hypothalamus? - ✔✔A brain region that links the nervous and endocrine
systems and regulates homeostasis, hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, stress, and
reproduction.
✔✔What are the two divisions of the pituitary gland? - ✔✔Anterior pituitary and posterior
pituitary.
, ✔✔Where are oxytocin and vasopressin synthesized? - ✔✔In the hypothalamus.
✔✔Where are oxytocin and vasopressin released? - ✔✔From the posterior pituitary.
✔✔What is the posterior pituitary's main role? - ✔✔It stores and releases hormones
synthesized in the hypothalamus, especially oxytocin and vasopressin.
✔✔Where are most anterior pituitary hormones synthesized? - ✔✔In the anterior
pituitary itself.
✔✔How do hypothalamic releasing hormones affect the anterior pituitary? - ✔✔They
are released into the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system and regulate anterior pituitary
hormone secretion.
✔✔What is oxytocin associated with? - ✔✔Uterine contractions, milk ejection, and
social/bonding behaviors.
✔✔What is vasopressin/ADH associated with? - ✔✔Water retention by the kidneys and
regulation of blood volume/osmolality.
✔✔Where are hypothalamic releasing hormones released? - ✔✔Into the hypothalamic-
pituitary portal circulation at the median eminence.
✔✔Why is the pituitary sometimes called the "master gland"? - ✔✔It releases hormones
that regulate several other endocrine glands, although its activity is controlled by the
hypothalamus and feedback systems.
✔✔What is nonspecific/innate immunity? - ✔✔The body's rapid, general defense
against pathogens that does not target one specific antigen.
✔✔What is specific/adaptive immunity? - ✔✔An immune response that targets specific
antigens and develops immunological memory.
✔✔Major cells of innate immunity - ✔✔Neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer cells,
dendritic cells, and other innate immune cells.
✔✔What do neutrophils do? - ✔✔They rapidly respond to infection and engulf/destroy
pathogens, especially bacteria.
✔✔What do macrophages do? - ✔✔They engulf pathogens and cellular debris and can
present antigens to adaptive immune cells.
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔What makes an experimental design strong? - ✔✔Randomization, appropriate
controls, adequate sample size, reliable measurements, minimizing bias, and clearly
defined variables.
✔✔Why is randomization useful? - ✔✔It helps distribute potential confounding variables
between groups and strengthens causal inference.
✔✔Why is a control group useful? - ✔✔It provides a comparison that helps determine
whether an intervention caused an observed effect.
✔✔What is an empirical publication? - ✔✔A publication reporting original data collected
and analyzed by researchers.
✔✔What is a literature review? - ✔✔A synthesis and evaluation of findings from
previously published research.
✔✔What is a meta-analysis? - ✔✔A statistical analysis that combines quantitative
results from multiple studies to estimate an overall effect.
✔✔Literature review vs. meta-analysis - ✔✔A literature review synthesizes studies
qualitatively; a meta-analysis statistically combines results from multiple studies.
✔✔What is the CNS? - ✔✔The central nervous system: brain and spinal cord.
✔✔What is the PNS? - ✔✔The peripheral nervous system: nerves and structures
outside the brain and spinal cord.
✔✔What are the two major divisions of the PNS? - ✔✔Somatic nervous system and
autonomic nervous system.
,✔✔What does the somatic nervous system primarily control? - ✔✔Voluntary skeletal-
muscle movement and sensory information from the body.
✔✔What does the autonomic nervous system primarily regulate? - ✔✔Involuntary
functions such as heart rate, digestion, blood pressure, and gland activity.
✔✔What are the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system? -
✔✔Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
✔✔What does the sympathetic nervous system do? - ✔✔Promotes arousal and the
fight-or-flight response.
✔✔What does the parasympathetic nervous system do? - ✔✔Promotes rest, digestion,
and recovery.
✔✔What are dendrites? - ✔✔Neuron structures that primarily receive incoming signals.
✔✔What is the soma/cell body? - ✔✔The part of the neuron containing the nucleus and
maintaining cellular functions.
✔✔What is the axon? - ✔✔The structure that carries electrical signals away from the
cell body.
✔✔What is the myelin sheath? - ✔✔A fatty insulating layer that increases the speed of
electrical conduction along an axon.
✔✔What are axon terminals? - ✔✔Endings of an axon that release neurotransmitters
into synapses.
✔✔What is a synapse? - ✔✔The junction/communication point between neurons or
between a neuron and another cell.
✔✔What is a neurotransmitter? - ✔✔A chemical messenger released by neurons that
influences another cell.
✔✔What happens when an action potential reaches the axon terminal? -
✔✔Neurotransmitter release is triggered into the synaptic space.
✔✔What is the hypothalamus? - ✔✔A brain region that links the nervous and endocrine
systems and regulates homeostasis, hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, stress, and
reproduction.
✔✔What are the two divisions of the pituitary gland? - ✔✔Anterior pituitary and posterior
pituitary.
, ✔✔Where are oxytocin and vasopressin synthesized? - ✔✔In the hypothalamus.
✔✔Where are oxytocin and vasopressin released? - ✔✔From the posterior pituitary.
✔✔What is the posterior pituitary's main role? - ✔✔It stores and releases hormones
synthesized in the hypothalamus, especially oxytocin and vasopressin.
✔✔Where are most anterior pituitary hormones synthesized? - ✔✔In the anterior
pituitary itself.
✔✔How do hypothalamic releasing hormones affect the anterior pituitary? - ✔✔They
are released into the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system and regulate anterior pituitary
hormone secretion.
✔✔What is oxytocin associated with? - ✔✔Uterine contractions, milk ejection, and
social/bonding behaviors.
✔✔What is vasopressin/ADH associated with? - ✔✔Water retention by the kidneys and
regulation of blood volume/osmolality.
✔✔Where are hypothalamic releasing hormones released? - ✔✔Into the hypothalamic-
pituitary portal circulation at the median eminence.
✔✔Why is the pituitary sometimes called the "master gland"? - ✔✔It releases hormones
that regulate several other endocrine glands, although its activity is controlled by the
hypothalamus and feedback systems.
✔✔What is nonspecific/innate immunity? - ✔✔The body's rapid, general defense
against pathogens that does not target one specific antigen.
✔✔What is specific/adaptive immunity? - ✔✔An immune response that targets specific
antigens and develops immunological memory.
✔✔Major cells of innate immunity - ✔✔Neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer cells,
dendritic cells, and other innate immune cells.
✔✔What do neutrophils do? - ✔✔They rapidly respond to infection and engulf/destroy
pathogens, especially bacteria.
✔✔What do macrophages do? - ✔✔They engulf pathogens and cellular debris and can
present antigens to adaptive immune cells.
