ARDMS ECHO CORE REVIEWS ANSWERS AND
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔all four valves are closed. the ventricular volume os constant. The ventricular
pressures and wall thickness increase. - ✔✔Isovolumic contraction time (IVCT)
✔✔the blood is forcefully ejected out of the ventricles, through the open pulmonic vqlve
(PV) and aortic valve (AOV) into the great vessels - ✔✔systole
✔✔all four valves are closed. The ventricular volume is constant. The ventricular
pressures and wall thickness decrease - ✔✔isovolumic relaxation time
✔✔the blood leaves the atria, passes through the open mitral valve and tricuspid valve
and fills the relaxed and compliant ventricles - ✔✔diastole
✔✔what valves are are open during diastole - ✔✔tricuspid and mitral valve
✔✔across the TV , the RA AND RV pressure during diastole are between - ✔✔2-
8mmhg
✔✔across the MV, the mean left atrial pressure and the diastolic left ventricular
pressure are between - ✔✔2-12mmhg
✔✔what occurs when the ventricular pressures are at their lowest - ✔✔rapid early filling
✔✔When does atrial contraction occur? - ✔✔during end diastole
✔✔during systole the TV and MV are - ✔✔closed
✔✔what work together to keep the TV and MV closed during systole - ✔✔significant
pressure gradient across the TV and MV during systole combined with the papillary
muscles and chordae tendineae work together to keep the TV and mv closed during
systole
,✔✔the mean right atrial pressure during systole - ✔✔2-8mmhg
✔✔systolic right ventricular pressure - ✔✔15-30mmhg
✔✔the mean systolic left atrial pressure is - ✔✔2-12mmhg
✔✔systolic left ventricular pressure is - ✔✔100-140mmhg
✔✔largest normal pressure gradient of the heart - ✔✔100-140mmhg systolic left
ventricular pressure
✔✔during systole the pulmonic valve and aortic valve are - ✔✔open
✔✔is there a high or low PG across the PV and AOV - ✔✔low PG allows blood to easily
flow from yhe ventricles to the great vessels
✔✔across the PV, the right ventricular systolic pressure and the pulmonary artery
systolic pressure are between - ✔✔15-30mmhg
✔✔across the AOV, the left ventricular systolic pressure and the aortic systolic pressure
are between - ✔✔100-140mmhg
✔✔where does ventricular contraction begin - ✔✔@ the apex and squeezes the blood
superiourly into the great arteries
✔✔during diastole the PV & AOV are - ✔✔closed
✔✔there is a significant diastolic pressure gradient across what two valves - ✔✔PV and
AOV during diastole (more noticeable on the left side than the right side)
✔✔what prevents the semilunar valves from opening during diastole; preventing the
backflow of blood into the ventricles - ✔✔the Significant PG
✔✔the right ventricular diastolic pressure is (blank) and the pulmonary artery diastolic
pressure is (blank) - ✔✔2-8mmhg, 4-12mmhg
✔✔the left ventricular diastolic pressure is (blank) and the aorta's diastolic pressure is
(blank) - ✔✔3-12mmhg, 60-90mmhg
✔✔Bundle of His - ✔✔pathway for electrical signals to be transmitted to the ventricles
✔✔where the bundle of his located - ✔✔interventricular septum
, ✔✔the bundle of his recieves the impulse from the AV node and conducts the
(repolarzation, depolarization) to the apex - ✔✔depolarization
✔✔Purkinje fibers - ✔✔specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the
ventricles
✔✔the bundle of his divides into the right and left bundle branches and what then
develop from these branches and spread throughout the ventricles - ✔✔purkinje fibers
✔✔At the ventricles, stimulation cuases depolarization of cells and contraction occurs
from the (blank) to the (blank) & from the (blank) to the(blank) propelling the blood into
the outflow tracts, through the aortic valve and pulmonic valve, and out to the great
arteries and body - ✔✔endocardium to the epicardium, apex to the base
✔✔Repolarization and myocardial relaxation - ✔✔occurs opposite sequence of
depolarization, from the epicardium into the endocardium
✔✔what does the QRS complex represent - ✔✔electrical ventricular systole
(depolarization)
✔✔mechanical isovolumic contraction time begins as soon as - ✔✔mechanical
ventricular diastole ends
✔✔all four valves are closed; therefore, the ventricular volumes remain the same. the
IVS and LVPW thicken. the LV pressure increases dramatically in preparation of
mechanical systole - ✔✔IVCT mechanical isovolumic contraction time
✔✔when does Isovolumic contraction time end? - ✔✔as soon as the ventricles exceed
the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery
✔✔mechanical ventricular systole begins as soon as - ✔✔(IVCT) isovolumic contraction
time ends,
✔✔The AOV and PV open and the blood is ejected from the heart. The IVS and and
LVPW contract completely. The LV pressure peaks and then drops as - ✔✔end systole
approaches
✔✔The "T" wave represents - ✔✔electrical ventricular diastole (repolarization)
✔✔When does mechanical ventricular relaxation time begin - ✔✔as soon as
mechanical ventricular systole ends. All 4 valves are closed; therefore, the ventricular
volumes remains the same. The IVS and LVPW relax. The left ventricular pressure
drops dramatically in preparation of mechanical diastole
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔all four valves are closed. the ventricular volume os constant. The ventricular
pressures and wall thickness increase. - ✔✔Isovolumic contraction time (IVCT)
✔✔the blood is forcefully ejected out of the ventricles, through the open pulmonic vqlve
(PV) and aortic valve (AOV) into the great vessels - ✔✔systole
✔✔all four valves are closed. The ventricular volume is constant. The ventricular
pressures and wall thickness decrease - ✔✔isovolumic relaxation time
✔✔the blood leaves the atria, passes through the open mitral valve and tricuspid valve
and fills the relaxed and compliant ventricles - ✔✔diastole
✔✔what valves are are open during diastole - ✔✔tricuspid and mitral valve
✔✔across the TV , the RA AND RV pressure during diastole are between - ✔✔2-
8mmhg
✔✔across the MV, the mean left atrial pressure and the diastolic left ventricular
pressure are between - ✔✔2-12mmhg
✔✔what occurs when the ventricular pressures are at their lowest - ✔✔rapid early filling
✔✔When does atrial contraction occur? - ✔✔during end diastole
✔✔during systole the TV and MV are - ✔✔closed
✔✔what work together to keep the TV and MV closed during systole - ✔✔significant
pressure gradient across the TV and MV during systole combined with the papillary
muscles and chordae tendineae work together to keep the TV and mv closed during
systole
,✔✔the mean right atrial pressure during systole - ✔✔2-8mmhg
✔✔systolic right ventricular pressure - ✔✔15-30mmhg
✔✔the mean systolic left atrial pressure is - ✔✔2-12mmhg
✔✔systolic left ventricular pressure is - ✔✔100-140mmhg
✔✔largest normal pressure gradient of the heart - ✔✔100-140mmhg systolic left
ventricular pressure
✔✔during systole the pulmonic valve and aortic valve are - ✔✔open
✔✔is there a high or low PG across the PV and AOV - ✔✔low PG allows blood to easily
flow from yhe ventricles to the great vessels
✔✔across the PV, the right ventricular systolic pressure and the pulmonary artery
systolic pressure are between - ✔✔15-30mmhg
✔✔across the AOV, the left ventricular systolic pressure and the aortic systolic pressure
are between - ✔✔100-140mmhg
✔✔where does ventricular contraction begin - ✔✔@ the apex and squeezes the blood
superiourly into the great arteries
✔✔during diastole the PV & AOV are - ✔✔closed
✔✔there is a significant diastolic pressure gradient across what two valves - ✔✔PV and
AOV during diastole (more noticeable on the left side than the right side)
✔✔what prevents the semilunar valves from opening during diastole; preventing the
backflow of blood into the ventricles - ✔✔the Significant PG
✔✔the right ventricular diastolic pressure is (blank) and the pulmonary artery diastolic
pressure is (blank) - ✔✔2-8mmhg, 4-12mmhg
✔✔the left ventricular diastolic pressure is (blank) and the aorta's diastolic pressure is
(blank) - ✔✔3-12mmhg, 60-90mmhg
✔✔Bundle of His - ✔✔pathway for electrical signals to be transmitted to the ventricles
✔✔where the bundle of his located - ✔✔interventricular septum
, ✔✔the bundle of his recieves the impulse from the AV node and conducts the
(repolarzation, depolarization) to the apex - ✔✔depolarization
✔✔Purkinje fibers - ✔✔specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the
ventricles
✔✔the bundle of his divides into the right and left bundle branches and what then
develop from these branches and spread throughout the ventricles - ✔✔purkinje fibers
✔✔At the ventricles, stimulation cuases depolarization of cells and contraction occurs
from the (blank) to the (blank) & from the (blank) to the(blank) propelling the blood into
the outflow tracts, through the aortic valve and pulmonic valve, and out to the great
arteries and body - ✔✔endocardium to the epicardium, apex to the base
✔✔Repolarization and myocardial relaxation - ✔✔occurs opposite sequence of
depolarization, from the epicardium into the endocardium
✔✔what does the QRS complex represent - ✔✔electrical ventricular systole
(depolarization)
✔✔mechanical isovolumic contraction time begins as soon as - ✔✔mechanical
ventricular diastole ends
✔✔all four valves are closed; therefore, the ventricular volumes remain the same. the
IVS and LVPW thicken. the LV pressure increases dramatically in preparation of
mechanical systole - ✔✔IVCT mechanical isovolumic contraction time
✔✔when does Isovolumic contraction time end? - ✔✔as soon as the ventricles exceed
the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery
✔✔mechanical ventricular systole begins as soon as - ✔✔(IVCT) isovolumic contraction
time ends,
✔✔The AOV and PV open and the blood is ejected from the heart. The IVS and and
LVPW contract completely. The LV pressure peaks and then drops as - ✔✔end systole
approaches
✔✔The "T" wave represents - ✔✔electrical ventricular diastole (repolarization)
✔✔When does mechanical ventricular relaxation time begin - ✔✔as soon as
mechanical ventricular systole ends. All 4 valves are closed; therefore, the ventricular
volumes remains the same. The IVS and LVPW relax. The left ventricular pressure
drops dramatically in preparation of mechanical diastole
