PHYSICAL GEOLOGY ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS SET
A+
✔✔Sedimentary Rock - ✔✔Weathering and erosion of rocks at surface produce
sediments. Transportation, deposition, lithification
✔✔Metamorphic Rock - ✔✔Recrystallization by high temperatures and pressures
✔✔How many naturally occurring elements exist? - ✔✔92
✔✔elements are composed of what? - ✔✔atoms
✔✔Protons - ✔✔Positive charged
✔✔Neutrons - ✔✔No electrical Charge
✔✔Electrons - ✔✔Negative charge
✔✔Atomic Number - ✔✔Number of Protongs
✔✔Atomic weight - ✔✔number of protons + number of neutrons
✔✔Number of electrons=? - ✔✔number of protons
✔✔Isotopes - ✔✔The same element has the same number of protons but different
number of neutrons.
✔✔Stable Isotopes - ✔✔will NOT decay spontaneously to a more stable (daughter)
isotope
✔✔Radioactive Isotopes - ✔✔Will decay spontaneously to a more stable (daughter)
isotope
, ✔✔Compounds - ✔✔most mineral are composed of two or more elements bonded
together
EX: Quarts and Feldspar
✔✔Ionic Bonds - ✔✔Individual atoms are held together by electronic attraction of
opposite charge.
✔✔Covalent Bonds - ✔✔Atoms are bonded together by charing more than two
electrons.
✔✔Crystalline solids - ✔✔Ordered internal atomic arrangement
✔✔Natural Occurrence - ✔✔Synthetic diamond is not a mineral
✔✔Single-chain - ✔✔share two O with adjacent tetrahedra
ex. Pyroxene
✔✔Double Chain - ✔✔share two or three O with adjacent tetrahedra
ex. Amphibole
✔✔Sheet (2-D) silicates - ✔✔share three O with adjacent tetrahedra
ex. biotite, mica
✔✔Framework (3-D) silicates - ✔✔share four O with adjacent tetrahedra
ex. quartz, feldspar
✔✔Crystal Form - ✔✔External shape, reflecting internal structure
✔✔Cleavage - ✔✔directions of weak chemical bonding
✔✔Hardness - ✔✔resistance to abrasion or scratching
✔✔Color - ✔✔same mineral could have different color due to chemical impurity
✔✔Shield Volcano - ✔✔broad slightly domed structure generated from very fluid
magma
ex. mauna loa in hawaii
✔✔Composite Volcano - ✔✔consists of pyroclastic layers and viscous andesitic lava
flow
Ex. mt, vesuvius in italy
✔✔Lahar - ✔✔a mudflow of volcanic ash, melting icec, and debris.
A+
✔✔Sedimentary Rock - ✔✔Weathering and erosion of rocks at surface produce
sediments. Transportation, deposition, lithification
✔✔Metamorphic Rock - ✔✔Recrystallization by high temperatures and pressures
✔✔How many naturally occurring elements exist? - ✔✔92
✔✔elements are composed of what? - ✔✔atoms
✔✔Protons - ✔✔Positive charged
✔✔Neutrons - ✔✔No electrical Charge
✔✔Electrons - ✔✔Negative charge
✔✔Atomic Number - ✔✔Number of Protongs
✔✔Atomic weight - ✔✔number of protons + number of neutrons
✔✔Number of electrons=? - ✔✔number of protons
✔✔Isotopes - ✔✔The same element has the same number of protons but different
number of neutrons.
✔✔Stable Isotopes - ✔✔will NOT decay spontaneously to a more stable (daughter)
isotope
✔✔Radioactive Isotopes - ✔✔Will decay spontaneously to a more stable (daughter)
isotope
, ✔✔Compounds - ✔✔most mineral are composed of two or more elements bonded
together
EX: Quarts and Feldspar
✔✔Ionic Bonds - ✔✔Individual atoms are held together by electronic attraction of
opposite charge.
✔✔Covalent Bonds - ✔✔Atoms are bonded together by charing more than two
electrons.
✔✔Crystalline solids - ✔✔Ordered internal atomic arrangement
✔✔Natural Occurrence - ✔✔Synthetic diamond is not a mineral
✔✔Single-chain - ✔✔share two O with adjacent tetrahedra
ex. Pyroxene
✔✔Double Chain - ✔✔share two or three O with adjacent tetrahedra
ex. Amphibole
✔✔Sheet (2-D) silicates - ✔✔share three O with adjacent tetrahedra
ex. biotite, mica
✔✔Framework (3-D) silicates - ✔✔share four O with adjacent tetrahedra
ex. quartz, feldspar
✔✔Crystal Form - ✔✔External shape, reflecting internal structure
✔✔Cleavage - ✔✔directions of weak chemical bonding
✔✔Hardness - ✔✔resistance to abrasion or scratching
✔✔Color - ✔✔same mineral could have different color due to chemical impurity
✔✔Shield Volcano - ✔✔broad slightly domed structure generated from very fluid
magma
ex. mauna loa in hawaii
✔✔Composite Volcano - ✔✔consists of pyroclastic layers and viscous andesitic lava
flow
Ex. mt, vesuvius in italy
✔✔Lahar - ✔✔a mudflow of volcanic ash, melting icec, and debris.
