PHYSICAL GEOLOGY PAPER SET ANSWERS AND
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Double Chain - ✔✔share two or three O with adjacent tetrahedra
ex. Amphibole
✔✔Sheet (2-D) silicates - ✔✔share three O with adjacent tetrahedra
ex. biotite, mica
✔✔Framework (3-D) silicates - ✔✔share four O with adjacent tetrahedra
ex. quartz, feldspar
✔✔Crystal Form - ✔✔External shape, reflecting internal structure
✔✔Cleavage - ✔✔directions of weak chemical bonding
✔✔Hardness - ✔✔resistance to abrasion or scratching
✔✔Color - ✔✔same mineral could have different color due to chemical impurity
✔✔Streak - ✔✔color of mineral powder
✔✔Luster - ✔✔appearance of minerals in reflected light
✔✔Fracture - ✔✔Broken curved surface occurs in minerals with uniform chemical
bonding
✔✔Crystalline structure - ✔✔minerals with consistent atomic order and regular internal
structure
✔✔Amorphous structure - ✔✔Lack of atomic order
ex. glass
, ✔✔Polymorphs structure - ✔✔minerals have the same chemical composition but
different structures.
ex. diamond and graphite
✔✔Divergent boundary - ✔✔plates move apart, new crust produced
ex. mid-ocean ridge
✔✔Convergent boundary - ✔✔plates move toward each other
ex. andes mountains and himalayas
✔✔Transform boundary - ✔✔plates slide past each other
ex. san andreas fault
✔✔Igneous Rock - ✔✔forms when molten magma ascends, cools, and solidifies
✔✔Extrusive - ✔✔Volcanic, fine grain crystals, igneous rocks solidify on the surface
✔✔Intrusive - ✔✔Igneous rocks solidify below the surface, course grain crystals
✔✔Aphanitic texture - ✔✔fine grained, formed by rapid cooling
✔✔Phaneritic texture - ✔✔coarse grained, formed by slow cooling
✔✔Porphyritic texture - ✔✔large crystals embedded in a matrix of small crystals.
✔✔Vesicular texture - ✔✔elongated holes or cavities
ex. pumice, scoria
✔✔Glassy texture - ✔✔non-crystalline solids with glassy textures
ex. obsidian
✔✔Pyroclastic texture - ✔✔materials torn from walls of volcanic vent
✔✔Mafic - ✔✔High density, low viscosity
✔✔Felsic - ✔✔low density, very viscous and explosve
✔✔Plate boundaries - ✔✔Convergent: Andes mt. pacific northwest
Divergent: mid ocean ridge
✔✔Hot spots - ✔✔upwelling of hot plumes or magma
ex. Hawaii
✔✔Lava flow - ✔✔Basaltic, not very viscous, flow easily, cover large area
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Double Chain - ✔✔share two or three O with adjacent tetrahedra
ex. Amphibole
✔✔Sheet (2-D) silicates - ✔✔share three O with adjacent tetrahedra
ex. biotite, mica
✔✔Framework (3-D) silicates - ✔✔share four O with adjacent tetrahedra
ex. quartz, feldspar
✔✔Crystal Form - ✔✔External shape, reflecting internal structure
✔✔Cleavage - ✔✔directions of weak chemical bonding
✔✔Hardness - ✔✔resistance to abrasion or scratching
✔✔Color - ✔✔same mineral could have different color due to chemical impurity
✔✔Streak - ✔✔color of mineral powder
✔✔Luster - ✔✔appearance of minerals in reflected light
✔✔Fracture - ✔✔Broken curved surface occurs in minerals with uniform chemical
bonding
✔✔Crystalline structure - ✔✔minerals with consistent atomic order and regular internal
structure
✔✔Amorphous structure - ✔✔Lack of atomic order
ex. glass
, ✔✔Polymorphs structure - ✔✔minerals have the same chemical composition but
different structures.
ex. diamond and graphite
✔✔Divergent boundary - ✔✔plates move apart, new crust produced
ex. mid-ocean ridge
✔✔Convergent boundary - ✔✔plates move toward each other
ex. andes mountains and himalayas
✔✔Transform boundary - ✔✔plates slide past each other
ex. san andreas fault
✔✔Igneous Rock - ✔✔forms when molten magma ascends, cools, and solidifies
✔✔Extrusive - ✔✔Volcanic, fine grain crystals, igneous rocks solidify on the surface
✔✔Intrusive - ✔✔Igneous rocks solidify below the surface, course grain crystals
✔✔Aphanitic texture - ✔✔fine grained, formed by rapid cooling
✔✔Phaneritic texture - ✔✔coarse grained, formed by slow cooling
✔✔Porphyritic texture - ✔✔large crystals embedded in a matrix of small crystals.
✔✔Vesicular texture - ✔✔elongated holes or cavities
ex. pumice, scoria
✔✔Glassy texture - ✔✔non-crystalline solids with glassy textures
ex. obsidian
✔✔Pyroclastic texture - ✔✔materials torn from walls of volcanic vent
✔✔Mafic - ✔✔High density, low viscosity
✔✔Felsic - ✔✔low density, very viscous and explosve
✔✔Plate boundaries - ✔✔Convergent: Andes mt. pacific northwest
Divergent: mid ocean ridge
✔✔Hot spots - ✔✔upwelling of hot plumes or magma
ex. Hawaii
✔✔Lava flow - ✔✔Basaltic, not very viscous, flow easily, cover large area
