NUR 239 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | NUR 239
STUDY GUIDE & PRACTICE TEST 2026/2027
Pathogenesis - ANS ✔✔how a disease develops
Etiology - ANS ✔✔cause of disease
Etiologies may be caused by - ANS ✔✔Physical - heat, injury etc
Chemical - exposure to chemicals
Biological - genetics
Nutritional - food reactions or deficiencies etc
acute disease - ANS ✔✔short term, can be severe
chronic disease - ANS ✔✔an ongoing condition or illness. It is long-term and can change in severity
subacute disease - ANS ✔✔a disease that is intermediate between acute and chronic
levels of prevention - ANS ✔✔primary- prevention - example: immunizations, exercise etc
secondary - detection - example: XRAY, blood work
tertiary- treatment - example: Chemotherapy
Tissue proliferation - ANS ✔✔growth of new tissue
types of adaptive cell changes - ANS ✔✔hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia
Hypertrophy - ANS ✔✔increase in cell size
physiologic hyperplasia - ANS ✔✔hormonal and compensatory
pathologic hyperplasia - ANS ✔✔is the abnormal proliferation of normal cells, usually in response to
excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factors on target cells.
atrophy - ANS ✔✔decrease in cell size
disuse atrophy - ANS ✔✔when prolonged inactivity results in the muscles getting smaller in size
hyperplasia - ANS ✔✔increase in number of cells
pathologic hypertrophy - ANS ✔✔occurs as the result of disease conditions and may be adaptive or
compensatory
physiologic hypertrophy - ANS ✔✔the enlarged muscle is adequately perfused and supplied with blood
flow, oxygen, and nutrients because of angiogenesis
, compensatory hypertrophy - ANS ✔✔enlargement of an organ secondary to an increased workload;
often seen when part of an organ has been destroyed or when there is absence or decreased function of
paired organs
compensatory hyperplasia - ANS ✔✔adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate
metaplasia - ANS ✔✔reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type
Earring example
dysplasia - ANS ✔✔abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
Can be cancerous but can revert back if stimulus is removed
Cell injury - ANS ✔✔occurs when cells cannot adapt to new environment; can be reversible or
irreversible
Example: hypoxia, reverts to anaerobic metabolism
therapeutic classification - ANS ✔✔Method for organizing drugs on the basis of their clinical usefulness.
prototype - ANS ✔✔the first drug of its kind
Example: morphine is prototype of opioids
Generic names of drugs - ANS ✔✔always lower case,
same for all drugs of its kind
trade names - ANS ✔✔Brand name of the drug given by the manufacturer
Drugs have multiple trade names
controlled II substance - ANS ✔✔need prescription
medication reconciliation - ANS ✔✔A procedure to maintain an accurate and up-to-date list of
medications for all patients between all phases of health care delivery.
Safety system
What do you need to consider with herbal products? - ANS ✔✔Not regulated, may interact with other
medications, can cause adverse effects
First-pass effect - ANS ✔✔Metabolism of a drug before it reaches systemic circulation
To prevent- use IV version (100% bioavailable)
serum half-life - ANS ✔✔time required for the serum concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%; also
called elimination half-life
STUDY GUIDE & PRACTICE TEST 2026/2027
Pathogenesis - ANS ✔✔how a disease develops
Etiology - ANS ✔✔cause of disease
Etiologies may be caused by - ANS ✔✔Physical - heat, injury etc
Chemical - exposure to chemicals
Biological - genetics
Nutritional - food reactions or deficiencies etc
acute disease - ANS ✔✔short term, can be severe
chronic disease - ANS ✔✔an ongoing condition or illness. It is long-term and can change in severity
subacute disease - ANS ✔✔a disease that is intermediate between acute and chronic
levels of prevention - ANS ✔✔primary- prevention - example: immunizations, exercise etc
secondary - detection - example: XRAY, blood work
tertiary- treatment - example: Chemotherapy
Tissue proliferation - ANS ✔✔growth of new tissue
types of adaptive cell changes - ANS ✔✔hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia
Hypertrophy - ANS ✔✔increase in cell size
physiologic hyperplasia - ANS ✔✔hormonal and compensatory
pathologic hyperplasia - ANS ✔✔is the abnormal proliferation of normal cells, usually in response to
excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factors on target cells.
atrophy - ANS ✔✔decrease in cell size
disuse atrophy - ANS ✔✔when prolonged inactivity results in the muscles getting smaller in size
hyperplasia - ANS ✔✔increase in number of cells
pathologic hypertrophy - ANS ✔✔occurs as the result of disease conditions and may be adaptive or
compensatory
physiologic hypertrophy - ANS ✔✔the enlarged muscle is adequately perfused and supplied with blood
flow, oxygen, and nutrients because of angiogenesis
, compensatory hypertrophy - ANS ✔✔enlargement of an organ secondary to an increased workload;
often seen when part of an organ has been destroyed or when there is absence or decreased function of
paired organs
compensatory hyperplasia - ANS ✔✔adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate
metaplasia - ANS ✔✔reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type
Earring example
dysplasia - ANS ✔✔abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
Can be cancerous but can revert back if stimulus is removed
Cell injury - ANS ✔✔occurs when cells cannot adapt to new environment; can be reversible or
irreversible
Example: hypoxia, reverts to anaerobic metabolism
therapeutic classification - ANS ✔✔Method for organizing drugs on the basis of their clinical usefulness.
prototype - ANS ✔✔the first drug of its kind
Example: morphine is prototype of opioids
Generic names of drugs - ANS ✔✔always lower case,
same for all drugs of its kind
trade names - ANS ✔✔Brand name of the drug given by the manufacturer
Drugs have multiple trade names
controlled II substance - ANS ✔✔need prescription
medication reconciliation - ANS ✔✔A procedure to maintain an accurate and up-to-date list of
medications for all patients between all phases of health care delivery.
Safety system
What do you need to consider with herbal products? - ANS ✔✔Not regulated, may interact with other
medications, can cause adverse effects
First-pass effect - ANS ✔✔Metabolism of a drug before it reaches systemic circulation
To prevent- use IV version (100% bioavailable)
serum half-life - ANS ✔✔time required for the serum concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%; also
called elimination half-life
