NR 507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – MIDTERM
& FINAL EXAM (2026/2027) CHAMBERLAIN
UNIVERSITY ACCURATE REAL EXAM 550 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES EACH |
CURRENTLY TESTING AND FREQUENTLY TESTED
VERSIONS | EXPERT VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED
PASS | LATEST UPDATE
1. Which of the following best describes the process of apoptosis?
A) Cell swelling and lysis
B) Programmed cell death
C) Uncontrolled cell division
D) Inflammatory cell death
Answer B: Programmed cell death
Rationale: Apoptosis is a regulated, energy-dependent process of programmed cell death without
inflammation.
2. A cell placed in a hypertonic solution will:
A) Swell and burst
B) Shrink due to water loss
C) Remain unchanged
D) Actively pump water in
Answer B: Shrink due to water loss
Rationale: Water moves out of the cell by osmosis in a hypertonic environment, causing crenation.
3. Which type of cellular adaptation involves an increase in the size of cells?
,A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer B: Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size (e.g., cardiac muscle in hypertension).
4. A cell that undergoes metaplasia has:
A) Increased cell size
B) A reversible change from one mature cell type to another
C) Decreased cell number
D) Malignant transformation
Answer B: A reversible change from one mature cell type to another
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible substitution of one adult cell type for another (e.g., squamous cells
in smoker's airway).
5. Which of the following is a hallmark of necrosis?
A) Cell swelling and inflammation
B) Programmed cell death
C) Intact cell membrane
D) No inflammatory response
Answer A: Cell swelling and inflammation
Rationale: Necrosis involves cell swelling, membrane rupture, and inflammation, unlike apoptosis.
6. A patient with a genetic disorder has a mutation in one allele and the other allele is normal. This
is an example of:
A) Homozygous mutation
B) Heterozygous mutation
,C) Compound heterozygous
D) Mosaic mutation
Answer B: Heterozygous mutation
Rationale: Heterozygous means one mutated allele and one normal allele.
7. Which type of inheritance pattern is characterized by an affected father transmitting the trait to
all daughters but no sons?
A) Autosomal dominant
B) Autosomal recessive
C) X-linked dominant
D) X-linked recessive
Answer C: X-linked dominant
Rationale: Fathers pass their X chromosome to daughters only; X-linked dominant traits appear in all
daughters.
8. Down syndrome is caused by:
A) Deletion of chromosome 5
B) Trisomy 21
C) Monosomy X
D) Trisomy 18
Answer B: Trisomy 21
Rationale: Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21).
9. Which of the following is a cause of autosomal recessive disorders?
A) A single mutated allele
B) Two mutated alleles (one from each parent)
C) A mutation on the X chromosome
D) A mutation on the Y chromosome
, Answer B: Two mutated alleles (one from each parent)
Rationale: Autosomal recessive disorders require mutations in both copies of a gene.
10. A frameshift mutation is caused by:
A) Substitution of one nucleotide
B) Insertion or deletion of nucleotides not in multiples of three
C) Deletion of three nucleotides
D) Duplication of three nucleotides
Answer B: Insertion or deletion of nucleotides not in multiples of three
Rationale: Frameshift mutations alter the reading frame, leading to different amino acids downstream.
11. Which of the following is a characteristic of the innate immune system?
A) Rapid response and lack of memory
B) Slow response and memory
C) Specific antigen recognition
D) Production of antibodies
Answer A: Rapid response and lack of memory
Rationale: Innate immunity is immediate, non-specific, and lacks memory.
12. The primary function of neutrophils is:
A) Antibody production
B) Phagocytosis of pathogens
C) Release of histamine
D) Antigen presentation
Answer B: Phagocytosis of pathogens
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first responders that phagocytose bacteria and debris.
& FINAL EXAM (2026/2027) CHAMBERLAIN
UNIVERSITY ACCURATE REAL EXAM 550 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES EACH |
CURRENTLY TESTING AND FREQUENTLY TESTED
VERSIONS | EXPERT VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED
PASS | LATEST UPDATE
1. Which of the following best describes the process of apoptosis?
A) Cell swelling and lysis
B) Programmed cell death
C) Uncontrolled cell division
D) Inflammatory cell death
Answer B: Programmed cell death
Rationale: Apoptosis is a regulated, energy-dependent process of programmed cell death without
inflammation.
2. A cell placed in a hypertonic solution will:
A) Swell and burst
B) Shrink due to water loss
C) Remain unchanged
D) Actively pump water in
Answer B: Shrink due to water loss
Rationale: Water moves out of the cell by osmosis in a hypertonic environment, causing crenation.
3. Which type of cellular adaptation involves an increase in the size of cells?
,A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer B: Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size (e.g., cardiac muscle in hypertension).
4. A cell that undergoes metaplasia has:
A) Increased cell size
B) A reversible change from one mature cell type to another
C) Decreased cell number
D) Malignant transformation
Answer B: A reversible change from one mature cell type to another
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible substitution of one adult cell type for another (e.g., squamous cells
in smoker's airway).
5. Which of the following is a hallmark of necrosis?
A) Cell swelling and inflammation
B) Programmed cell death
C) Intact cell membrane
D) No inflammatory response
Answer A: Cell swelling and inflammation
Rationale: Necrosis involves cell swelling, membrane rupture, and inflammation, unlike apoptosis.
6. A patient with a genetic disorder has a mutation in one allele and the other allele is normal. This
is an example of:
A) Homozygous mutation
B) Heterozygous mutation
,C) Compound heterozygous
D) Mosaic mutation
Answer B: Heterozygous mutation
Rationale: Heterozygous means one mutated allele and one normal allele.
7. Which type of inheritance pattern is characterized by an affected father transmitting the trait to
all daughters but no sons?
A) Autosomal dominant
B) Autosomal recessive
C) X-linked dominant
D) X-linked recessive
Answer C: X-linked dominant
Rationale: Fathers pass their X chromosome to daughters only; X-linked dominant traits appear in all
daughters.
8. Down syndrome is caused by:
A) Deletion of chromosome 5
B) Trisomy 21
C) Monosomy X
D) Trisomy 18
Answer B: Trisomy 21
Rationale: Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21).
9. Which of the following is a cause of autosomal recessive disorders?
A) A single mutated allele
B) Two mutated alleles (one from each parent)
C) A mutation on the X chromosome
D) A mutation on the Y chromosome
, Answer B: Two mutated alleles (one from each parent)
Rationale: Autosomal recessive disorders require mutations in both copies of a gene.
10. A frameshift mutation is caused by:
A) Substitution of one nucleotide
B) Insertion or deletion of nucleotides not in multiples of three
C) Deletion of three nucleotides
D) Duplication of three nucleotides
Answer B: Insertion or deletion of nucleotides not in multiples of three
Rationale: Frameshift mutations alter the reading frame, leading to different amino acids downstream.
11. Which of the following is a characteristic of the innate immune system?
A) Rapid response and lack of memory
B) Slow response and memory
C) Specific antigen recognition
D) Production of antibodies
Answer A: Rapid response and lack of memory
Rationale: Innate immunity is immediate, non-specific, and lacks memory.
12. The primary function of neutrophils is:
A) Antibody production
B) Phagocytosis of pathogens
C) Release of histamine
D) Antigen presentation
Answer B: Phagocytosis of pathogens
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first responders that phagocytose bacteria and debris.
