NU545 PATHO UNIT 1: CELLULAR FUNCTION AND INJURY 2026 |
ULTIMATE STUDY GUIDE | COMPLETE EXAM PREPARATION |
PRACTICE QUESTIONS | CORRECT ANSWERS | COMPREHENSIVE
REVIEW
1. What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
toxins
genetic abnormalities
hypoxia/ischemia
aging
nutritional imbalances
2. Describe how lead and alcohol can lead to cell dysfunction.
Lead and alcohol can interfere with normal cellular functions,
leading to toxicity and potential cell death.
Lead and alcohol have no significant impact on cellular health.
Lead and alcohol facilitate better cell communication.
Lead and alcohol enhance the efficiency of cellular metabolism.
3. What structural changes occur in erythrocytes due to cholesterol alterations
in cirrhosis?
Changes in cell shape and hemolytic anemia
Decreased cell lifespan
Increased oxygen carrying capacity
Enhanced membrane fluidity
4. Acidosis describes a condition in which there is a/an _______ in the acidity of
blood.
, increase
balance
decrease
5. What is acidosis ?
a condition in which there is too much acid in the body fluids
a condition in which the body fluids have excess base ( alkali )
6. In a patient experiencing hypoxia, what physiological consequence might
occur due to altered sodium and potassium levels?
Improved metabolic absorption
Cellular dysfunction due to disrupted ion balance
Increased energy production from ATP
Enhanced cell communication
7. What is the total body water percentage in infants?
75%-85%
85%-90%
67%-75%
50%-60%
8. What are the three main types of transport mechanisms in cells?
Passive transport, facilitated diffusion, and active transport
Active transport, passive diffusion, and cellular respiration
Osmosis, diffusion, and filtration
, Endocytosis, exocytosis, and osmosis
9. If a patient presents with hypernatremia, what cellular function might be
compromised as a result?
DNA replication
Cellular respiration
Protein synthesis
Fluid balance
10. In a case of severe dehydration, which compensatory mechanism would the
body likely employ to maintain homeostasis?
Enhancing cell communication to signal thirst
Increasing metabolic absorption of nutrients
Decreasing breathing rate to reduce water loss
Adjusting renal function to conserve water
11. Describe how acidosis affects cellular metabolism and function.
Acidosis impairs cellular metabolism and function due to increased
acidity in the blood.
Acidosis has no effect on cellular metabolism or function.
Acidosis improves oxygen transport in cells.
Acidosis enhances cellular metabolism by providing more energy.
12. Which of the following are True about active transport mechanisms?
facilitates process of osmosis
allow nutrients to move from higher to lower concentration
, responsible for moving nutrients in and out of cells
require energy to move substances across cell membranes
13. What condition is specifically mentioned as a result of electrolyte
imbalances?
Dehydration
Hypernatremia
Hypokalemia
Acidosis
14. In which part of the cell does lipid accumulation occur during chemical
injury?
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Mitochondria
15. Describe the relationship between ATP levels and cellular swelling due to
sodium accumulation.
ATP is not related to sodium levels in the cell.
The Na-K pump operates independently of ATP levels.
Low ATP levels impair the Na-K pump, causing sodium to
accumulate inside the cell, which leads to swelling.
High ATP levels increase sodium export, preventing swelling.
ULTIMATE STUDY GUIDE | COMPLETE EXAM PREPARATION |
PRACTICE QUESTIONS | CORRECT ANSWERS | COMPREHENSIVE
REVIEW
1. What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
toxins
genetic abnormalities
hypoxia/ischemia
aging
nutritional imbalances
2. Describe how lead and alcohol can lead to cell dysfunction.
Lead and alcohol can interfere with normal cellular functions,
leading to toxicity and potential cell death.
Lead and alcohol have no significant impact on cellular health.
Lead and alcohol facilitate better cell communication.
Lead and alcohol enhance the efficiency of cellular metabolism.
3. What structural changes occur in erythrocytes due to cholesterol alterations
in cirrhosis?
Changes in cell shape and hemolytic anemia
Decreased cell lifespan
Increased oxygen carrying capacity
Enhanced membrane fluidity
4. Acidosis describes a condition in which there is a/an _______ in the acidity of
blood.
, increase
balance
decrease
5. What is acidosis ?
a condition in which there is too much acid in the body fluids
a condition in which the body fluids have excess base ( alkali )
6. In a patient experiencing hypoxia, what physiological consequence might
occur due to altered sodium and potassium levels?
Improved metabolic absorption
Cellular dysfunction due to disrupted ion balance
Increased energy production from ATP
Enhanced cell communication
7. What is the total body water percentage in infants?
75%-85%
85%-90%
67%-75%
50%-60%
8. What are the three main types of transport mechanisms in cells?
Passive transport, facilitated diffusion, and active transport
Active transport, passive diffusion, and cellular respiration
Osmosis, diffusion, and filtration
, Endocytosis, exocytosis, and osmosis
9. If a patient presents with hypernatremia, what cellular function might be
compromised as a result?
DNA replication
Cellular respiration
Protein synthesis
Fluid balance
10. In a case of severe dehydration, which compensatory mechanism would the
body likely employ to maintain homeostasis?
Enhancing cell communication to signal thirst
Increasing metabolic absorption of nutrients
Decreasing breathing rate to reduce water loss
Adjusting renal function to conserve water
11. Describe how acidosis affects cellular metabolism and function.
Acidosis impairs cellular metabolism and function due to increased
acidity in the blood.
Acidosis has no effect on cellular metabolism or function.
Acidosis improves oxygen transport in cells.
Acidosis enhances cellular metabolism by providing more energy.
12. Which of the following are True about active transport mechanisms?
facilitates process of osmosis
allow nutrients to move from higher to lower concentration
, responsible for moving nutrients in and out of cells
require energy to move substances across cell membranes
13. What condition is specifically mentioned as a result of electrolyte
imbalances?
Dehydration
Hypernatremia
Hypokalemia
Acidosis
14. In which part of the cell does lipid accumulation occur during chemical
injury?
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Mitochondria
15. Describe the relationship between ATP levels and cellular swelling due to
sodium accumulation.
ATP is not related to sodium levels in the cell.
The Na-K pump operates independently of ATP levels.
Low ATP levels impair the Na-K pump, causing sodium to
accumulate inside the cell, which leads to swelling.
High ATP levels increase sodium export, preventing swelling.
