NR 1020 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026

NR 1020 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026 Members of the New York Zoological Society (NYZS) - Answers Henry Fairfield Osborn, Madison Grant, William Temple Hornaday, Roosevelt First director of zoo - Answers William Temple Hornaday What was the NYZS? - Answers Prominent preservation organization from the turn of the century William Temple Hornaday - Answers Preservationist and former big game hunter that became concerned about decrease in bison population Fear of white racial decline - Answers Connection between environmental and racial health; connection between wildlife and white racial decline Dr. Alice Hamilton - Answers Pioneering occupational health researcher; one of many progressive era women leaders pushing for cleaner cities/workplaces; investigated whether LEAD constituted a "race poison" Eugenics - Answers The selective breeding of humans for the benefit of the species; connection between environmental and racial thought in the realm of preservation helps foster this movement Eugenics at UVM - Answers Prof. Henry F. Perkins: "Eugenics Survey of Vermont" An Act for Human Betterment by Voluntary Sterilization - Answers Statute passed in 1931; 253 sterilization performed in VT between 1931 and 1957; 80% sterilized were "mentally deficient"; 2/3 women; mostly poor Buck v. Bell - Answers 1927; Supreme Court approves of Virginia Law allowing for forced sterilization Eugenic Survey targeting Indigenous Abenaki - Answers YES, although little direct evidence; had to change their names and avoid law; new layer of complexity to issues around indigenous past and present Guye Bailey - Answers Name used to be on library but now changed b/c he was huge on eugenics Land Acknowledgement - Answers A formal statement that recognizes the unique and enduring relationship between Indigenous Peoples and their traditional territories Important of land acknowledgements - Answers Understand history to reside; show gratitude to Indig. culture; land as relationship; can be performative & sanitize history; relieve responsibility, distract from real issue; ITS A REMINDER Immigration Act of 1924 - Answers Related to eugenics; environmental thinking and principles from wildlife preservation; immigrants represent an invasive species that threatens white Anglo-Saxon Americans (Hornaday) Three Linked Movements - Answers Environmental Preservation, Eugenics, & Immigration Reform Factors that inspired preservation movement - Answers Industrialization/dirty cities/population growth, decreasing access to wilderness/loss wildlife diversity; racial anxieties/new immigrants; inspiration of romantic and transcendentalist art/literature Asher Durand - Answers Haystack Mt. VT, painting from romanticizing wilderness Caroline Merchant - Answers shows why people want to help environment Frederick Law Olmstead - Answers preserve natural scenery for humans' social & psychological benefit; designed Shelburne Farms Isabella Bird - Answers shows female personification of nature Mary Austin - Answers Prolific writer; writes about western land and indig. people there in a FAVORABLE way Florence Merriam Bailey - Answers Audubon activist; argued against women wearing bird feathers; defined modern bird watching Jane Addams - Answers early environmental justice for poor/marginalized groups; argue for solutions; Settlement House Movement Settlement House Movement - Answers Daycare, education, healthcare to women in urban areas; educating women - should share knowledge Examples of Women's Civic Organizations - Answers Women's Health Protective Association (NYC); Civic Club of Philly; Women's Municipal League (Boston) Hetch Hetchy Valley - Answers Water to San Fran; Pinchot and Muir disagreed on the dam wanting to be built (Pinchot won debate & dam built) Gifford Pinchot - Answers UTILITARIAN CONSERVATION; first head of US Forest Service; Wise-Use Policy (sustainable commercial management of forests); align with Roosevelt; helped est. public lands idea John Muir - Answers WILDERNESS PRESERVATIONIST; preserve wilderness as US culture & identity; nature in spiritual with intrinsic values; support Fed. management of wilderness & natural resources Public Lands - Answers Importance of idea of public lands for all, gov't should protect those lands Federal lands - Answers Right to access; all people can go on them Land Grant Institutions - Answers 1862 Morrill Act; fed. land distributed to states; raise money for college; major boost to pub. ed.; 106 colleges Justin Morrill - Answers VT rep (1855-67): Senator (67-98); ensure financing ag. and ed. for all social classes Morrill Act - Answers Turn land from tribal nations into seed money for higher ed.; redistributed 11 million acres of land; US paid little money for land; some land taken violently or by treaties (never ratified); led to Land Acknowledgements Tension of Land Grant Schools - Answers Good: important research, expanded access to higher ed. Bad: stolen land, lack of Indigenous representation Roots of Scientific Forestry - Answers 1600s - wood scarcity across Europe; relied mainly on short rotation/coppice systems; arose from scientific discovery in other fields First forestry school in America - Answers Cornell University Ecosystem Management Paradigm - Answers Maintaining ecological integrity while allowing resource extraction Challenges to forest conservation - Answers Climate change, wildfires, consumerism SIX arts of tracking - Answers Who? What? When? Where? Why? How? Three Ps of Tracking - Answers Print, pattern, place Track Morphology - Answers Inner track, inner toes, outer track, claws, heel pads, heel lobes, outer toes Diagonal Walkers - Answers Front feet larger; direct register (ex: deer) Bounders - Answers Footsteps strung out (ex: fishers) Pacer - Answers Large front foot next to smaller front one (ex: Raccoon) Gallopers - Answers Tree dwellers; front feet land THEN back feet (ex: Squirrel) Stride length - Answers has to have direct register; based on body size - tip of toe to tip of next toe Conservation during the "inter-war" years - Answers Emergence of ecology; setting the stage for the modern environmental movement; troubling legaces from the late 19th - early 20th centuries persist