NSE 221 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

NSE 221 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 PAD - Answers thickening of the arterial walls -- narrow openings to arteries Clinical manifestations of PAD - Answers decreased blood flow, claudication, pain, pallor, pain Complications of PAD - Answers atrophy, delayed healing, infection, ulcers and gangrene, amputation Collaborative Care for PAD - Answers risk factor modification, drug, exercise, nutrition, complementary and alternative Collaborative Care amputation - Answers medical, surgical, rehab Nursing Management amputation (post-op) - Answers wound care, phantom limb, mirror therapy, immediate vs delayed prosthesis Nursing Management amputation - Answers check for bleeding, drainage q 4hr, observe wound colour, warmth, healing, elevate for first 24-48 hours, passive ROM Goal of rehabilitation - Answers To prevent hip flexion and maintain proper body alignment in and out of bed. Post-Operative Management - Answers avoid sitting for more than 1 hour, pillow under surgical extremity, lie on abdomen for 30 minutes q3-4 ABI ratios - Answers 1.0 - 1.10 = Normal 0.9 - 1.0 = Minimal ischemia with minimal symptoms 0.5 - .9 = Mild to moderate ischemia with mild to moderate claudication 0.3 - .5 = Moderate to severe ischemia with severe claudication or rest pain 0.3 or below = Severe ischemia with rest pain or gangrene greenstick fracture - Answers one in which the bone is bent and only partially broken tranverse fracture - Answers straight across bone shaft manifestations of a fracture - Answers edema/swelling, pain and tenderness, muscle spasm BROKEN - Answers bruising, reduced movement, (k)rackling, edema, neurovascular impairment manifestation of deformity - Answers discoloration, loss of function, crepitation, abnormal position Six P's - Answers Pain, pallor, paresthesia, pulses, paralysis, and pressure Fat embolism syndrome manifestations - Answers chest pain, tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, tachycardia, decrease CO2 compartment syndrome causes - Answers decreased compartment size (restriction) increased compartment size (bleeding, edema) Fracture Reduction: Closed reduction - Answers non-srugical manual realignment of bone to previous anatomical position -- traction and counteraction -- immobilization Fracture Reduction: Open Reduction - Answers surgical incision: internal fixation of fracture with wires, screws etc skin traction is used for - Answers short term skeletal traction - Answers The most effective means of traction, applying to a bone with wire pins or tongs fracture healing time - Answers 3 weeks in newborns, 20 weeks in adults Fracture healing process - Answers 1. hematoma formation 2. fibrocartilage callus formation 3. bony callus formation 4. bone remodeling vital checks post-op - Answers q 15 min x4 hrs, q 30minx 2 hrs, q 1hr x 4 hrs Output Post-op - Answers 30 mL/hr (catheter) OR 200mL/hr (no catheter) purpose of chest tubes - Answers to remove air or fluid from the pleural space pneumothorax - Answers air in pleural space: decreased or no breath sounds, dyspnea, chest pain lack of movement on affected side open pneumothorax - Answers Air enters the pleural space through the opening in the chest wall (i.e, stab or gunshot) closed pneumothorax - Answers accumulation of air in pleural space (causes: injury to lungs) tension pneumothorax - Answers rapid accumulation of air in the pleural space (lung collapse) pleural effusion - Answers collection of fluid in the pleural space (release of caseous material) transductive pleural effusion - Answers hydrostatic pressure in HF or low oncotic pressure