• NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
Full TEST BANK 2 — Emergency Care and
Transportation of the Sick and Injured (12th
Edition, AAOS) — Complete EMT-Level
Instructor Question Bank With Correct Answers,
Deep Rationales & All 41 Chapters | Updated
2026 Version
A 58-year-old man is found unresponsive by his wife. According to his wife, he was complaining of a "dull ache"
in his chest the day before, but refused to allow her to call 9-1-1. His blood pressure is 70/50 mm Hg, his pulse is
120 beats/min and weak, and his respirations are 28 breaths/min and labored. Further assessment reveals that his
skin is cool, pale, and clammy. You should suspect:
• A:pulmonary embolism.
• B:cardiogenic shock.
P 1
, • NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
• C:acute septic shock.
• D:hypovolemic shock. - Correct Answer :You selected B; This is correct!
Reason:
The patient in this scenario likely experienced an acute myocardial infarction the day before. However, because
he refused medical care, the infarction has likely damaged a significant portion of his heart, resulting in
cardiogenic shock. Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart fails as a pump and can no longer meet the
metabolic needs of the body; it has a very high mortality rate. The patient's labored breathing is likely caused by
pulmonary edema, which occurs when blood backs up into the lungs because the heart cannot effectively
pump. There is no evidence of hypovolemia (ie, poor skin turgor) or sepsis (ie, fever). A pulmonary embolism
typically presents with an acute onset of pleuritic (sharp) chest pain and difficulty breathing, and is also
commonly associated with cyanosis.
In which of the following circumstances would external bleeding be the LEAST difficult to control?
• A:Lacerated brachial artery; BP of 140/90 mm Hg
• B:Lacerated femoral vein; BP of 70/40 mm Hg
• C:Lacerated carotid artery; BP of 90/50 mm Hg
• D:Lacerated jugular vein; BP of 100/60 mm Hg - Correct Answer :The correct answer is B;
Reason:
It is generally less difficult to control external bleeding from a lacerated vein rather than an artery. Unlike
arteries, veins are under low pressure. Furthermore, the presence of a low blood pressure (hypotension), which
causes less pressure against the vascular wall, would make external bleeding that much easier to control.
The automated external defibrillator (AED) should NOT be used in patients who:
• A:have a nitroglycerin patch applied to the skin.
• B:are between 1 and 8 years of age.
• C:experienced a witnessed cardiac arrest.
• D:are apneic and have a weak carotid pulse. - Correct Answer :The correct answer is D;
Reason:
P 2
, • NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
The AED is only applied to patients in cardiac arrest (eg, pulseless and apneic), whether the arrest was witnessed
or unwitnessed. According to the 2010 guidelines for CPR and Emergency Cardiac Care (ECC), AEDs can safely be
used in infants and children less than 8 years of age in conjunction with a dose-attenuating system (energy
reducer) and pediatric pads. However, if pediatric pads and an energy reducer are unavailable, adult AED pads
should be used. A nitroglycerin patch is not a contraindication to the use of an AED; simply remove the patch
(with gloved hands) and apply the AED as usual.
Appropriate care for an amputated body part includes all of the following, EXCEPT:
• A:keeping the part cool, but not allowing it to freeze.
• B:placing it directly on ice to prevent tissue damage.
• C:wrapping it in a sterile dressing and placing it in a plastic bag.
• D:laying the wrapped body part on a bed of ice. - Correct Answer :You selected B; This is correct!
Reason:
Appropriate care for an amputated body part includes wrapping the part in a sterile dressing and placing it in a
plastic bag. Follow your local protocols regarding how to preserve amputated parts. In some areas, dry sterile
dressings are recommended for wrapping amputated parts; in other areas, dressings moistened with sterile
saline are recommended. Put the bag in a container filled with ice. Lay the wrapped part on a bed of ice; do not
pack it in ice or place it in direct contact with ice. The goal is to keep the part cool without letting it freeze or
develop frostbite. Freezing may cause cellular and tissue damage, which decreases the chance of successful
reattachment.
A 42-year-old man was ejected from his car after it struck a bridge pillar at a high rate of speed. You find him in a
prone position approximately 50 feet from his car. He is not moving and does not appear to be breathing. You
should:
• A:manually stabilize his head.
• B:administer high-flow oxygen.
• C:use the jaw-thrust maneuver.
• D:assess his breathing effort. - Correct Answer :You selected A; This is correct!
Reason:
When a trauma patient is found in a prone (face-down) position, especially if he or she is unresponsive, your first
action should be to manually stabilize his or her head; this action is based on the assumption that he or she has a
P 3
, • NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
spinal injury. Next, log roll the patient to a supine position (while continuing to manually stabilize the head), open
the airway with the jaw-thrust maneuver, clear the airway with suction if needed, and assess for breathing. It
would be extremely difficult to adequately open the patient's airway while he or she is in a prone position.
Depending on the patient's breathing effort, administer high-flow oxygen or ventilate using a bag-mask device.
Which of the following is MOST indicative of compensated shock in an adult?
• A:Weak carotid pulse, cool skin, increased respiratory rate
• B:Unresponsive, pallor, absent radial pulses, tachypnea
• C:Restless, diaphoresis, tachypnea, BP of 104/64 mm Hg
• D:Confusion, mottling, tachycardia, BP of 88/60 mm Hg - Correct Answer :You selected C; This is correct!
Reason:
In compensated shock, the nervous system is mounting a physiologic response to an underlying illness or injury
in order to maintain perfusion to vital organs such as the brain, heart, and kidneys. The patient with
compensated shock is restless or anxious, has poor peripheral perfusion (eg, pallor, diaphoresis), tachycardia,
and increased respirations (tachypnea). However, his or her blood pressure is maintained, usually above 90 to
100 mm Hg. In decompensated shock, the body's compensatory mechanisms fail, blood pressure begins to fall,
and perfusion to vital organs decreases. Other signs of decompensated shock include a decreased level of
consciousness, absent peripheral pulses (radial), and weak central pulses (carotid, femoral).
Following administration of nitroglycerin to a man with crushing chest pressure, he experiences a significant
increase in his heart rate. This is MOST likely the result of:
• A:a cardiac dysrhythmia.
• B:a drop in blood pressure.
• C:coronary vasoconstriction.
• D:preexisting hypertension. - Correct Answer :The correct answer is B;
Reason:
Nitroglycerin (NTG) is a vasodilator drug. It dilates not only the coronary arteries, but also other arteries in the
body. In some patients, NTG may cause a drop in blood pressure, especially if they are taking other medications
that cause vasodilation (eg, erectile dysfunction drugs [Viagra, Levitra, Cialis]). In response to a drop in blood
pressure, the nervous system attempts to compensate by increasing the heart rate (tachycardia). Common side
P 4
Final Exam
Full TEST BANK 2 — Emergency Care and
Transportation of the Sick and Injured (12th
Edition, AAOS) — Complete EMT-Level
Instructor Question Bank With Correct Answers,
Deep Rationales & All 41 Chapters | Updated
2026 Version
A 58-year-old man is found unresponsive by his wife. According to his wife, he was complaining of a "dull ache"
in his chest the day before, but refused to allow her to call 9-1-1. His blood pressure is 70/50 mm Hg, his pulse is
120 beats/min and weak, and his respirations are 28 breaths/min and labored. Further assessment reveals that his
skin is cool, pale, and clammy. You should suspect:
• A:pulmonary embolism.
• B:cardiogenic shock.
P 1
, • NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
• C:acute septic shock.
• D:hypovolemic shock. - Correct Answer :You selected B; This is correct!
Reason:
The patient in this scenario likely experienced an acute myocardial infarction the day before. However, because
he refused medical care, the infarction has likely damaged a significant portion of his heart, resulting in
cardiogenic shock. Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart fails as a pump and can no longer meet the
metabolic needs of the body; it has a very high mortality rate. The patient's labored breathing is likely caused by
pulmonary edema, which occurs when blood backs up into the lungs because the heart cannot effectively
pump. There is no evidence of hypovolemia (ie, poor skin turgor) or sepsis (ie, fever). A pulmonary embolism
typically presents with an acute onset of pleuritic (sharp) chest pain and difficulty breathing, and is also
commonly associated with cyanosis.
In which of the following circumstances would external bleeding be the LEAST difficult to control?
• A:Lacerated brachial artery; BP of 140/90 mm Hg
• B:Lacerated femoral vein; BP of 70/40 mm Hg
• C:Lacerated carotid artery; BP of 90/50 mm Hg
• D:Lacerated jugular vein; BP of 100/60 mm Hg - Correct Answer :The correct answer is B;
Reason:
It is generally less difficult to control external bleeding from a lacerated vein rather than an artery. Unlike
arteries, veins are under low pressure. Furthermore, the presence of a low blood pressure (hypotension), which
causes less pressure against the vascular wall, would make external bleeding that much easier to control.
The automated external defibrillator (AED) should NOT be used in patients who:
• A:have a nitroglycerin patch applied to the skin.
• B:are between 1 and 8 years of age.
• C:experienced a witnessed cardiac arrest.
• D:are apneic and have a weak carotid pulse. - Correct Answer :The correct answer is D;
Reason:
P 2
, • NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
The AED is only applied to patients in cardiac arrest (eg, pulseless and apneic), whether the arrest was witnessed
or unwitnessed. According to the 2010 guidelines for CPR and Emergency Cardiac Care (ECC), AEDs can safely be
used in infants and children less than 8 years of age in conjunction with a dose-attenuating system (energy
reducer) and pediatric pads. However, if pediatric pads and an energy reducer are unavailable, adult AED pads
should be used. A nitroglycerin patch is not a contraindication to the use of an AED; simply remove the patch
(with gloved hands) and apply the AED as usual.
Appropriate care for an amputated body part includes all of the following, EXCEPT:
• A:keeping the part cool, but not allowing it to freeze.
• B:placing it directly on ice to prevent tissue damage.
• C:wrapping it in a sterile dressing and placing it in a plastic bag.
• D:laying the wrapped body part on a bed of ice. - Correct Answer :You selected B; This is correct!
Reason:
Appropriate care for an amputated body part includes wrapping the part in a sterile dressing and placing it in a
plastic bag. Follow your local protocols regarding how to preserve amputated parts. In some areas, dry sterile
dressings are recommended for wrapping amputated parts; in other areas, dressings moistened with sterile
saline are recommended. Put the bag in a container filled with ice. Lay the wrapped part on a bed of ice; do not
pack it in ice or place it in direct contact with ice. The goal is to keep the part cool without letting it freeze or
develop frostbite. Freezing may cause cellular and tissue damage, which decreases the chance of successful
reattachment.
A 42-year-old man was ejected from his car after it struck a bridge pillar at a high rate of speed. You find him in a
prone position approximately 50 feet from his car. He is not moving and does not appear to be breathing. You
should:
• A:manually stabilize his head.
• B:administer high-flow oxygen.
• C:use the jaw-thrust maneuver.
• D:assess his breathing effort. - Correct Answer :You selected A; This is correct!
Reason:
When a trauma patient is found in a prone (face-down) position, especially if he or she is unresponsive, your first
action should be to manually stabilize his or her head; this action is based on the assumption that he or she has a
P 3
, • NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
spinal injury. Next, log roll the patient to a supine position (while continuing to manually stabilize the head), open
the airway with the jaw-thrust maneuver, clear the airway with suction if needed, and assess for breathing. It
would be extremely difficult to adequately open the patient's airway while he or she is in a prone position.
Depending on the patient's breathing effort, administer high-flow oxygen or ventilate using a bag-mask device.
Which of the following is MOST indicative of compensated shock in an adult?
• A:Weak carotid pulse, cool skin, increased respiratory rate
• B:Unresponsive, pallor, absent radial pulses, tachypnea
• C:Restless, diaphoresis, tachypnea, BP of 104/64 mm Hg
• D:Confusion, mottling, tachycardia, BP of 88/60 mm Hg - Correct Answer :You selected C; This is correct!
Reason:
In compensated shock, the nervous system is mounting a physiologic response to an underlying illness or injury
in order to maintain perfusion to vital organs such as the brain, heart, and kidneys. The patient with
compensated shock is restless or anxious, has poor peripheral perfusion (eg, pallor, diaphoresis), tachycardia,
and increased respirations (tachypnea). However, his or her blood pressure is maintained, usually above 90 to
100 mm Hg. In decompensated shock, the body's compensatory mechanisms fail, blood pressure begins to fall,
and perfusion to vital organs decreases. Other signs of decompensated shock include a decreased level of
consciousness, absent peripheral pulses (radial), and weak central pulses (carotid, femoral).
Following administration of nitroglycerin to a man with crushing chest pressure, he experiences a significant
increase in his heart rate. This is MOST likely the result of:
• A:a cardiac dysrhythmia.
• B:a drop in blood pressure.
• C:coronary vasoconstriction.
• D:preexisting hypertension. - Correct Answer :The correct answer is B;
Reason:
Nitroglycerin (NTG) is a vasodilator drug. It dilates not only the coronary arteries, but also other arteries in the
body. In some patients, NTG may cause a drop in blood pressure, especially if they are taking other medications
that cause vasodilation (eg, erectile dysfunction drugs [Viagra, Levitra, Cialis]). In response to a drop in blood
pressure, the nervous system attempts to compensate by increasing the heart rate (tachycardia). Common side
P 4
