• NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
Full TEST BANK 1 — Emergency Care and
Transportation of the Sick and Injured (12th
Edition, AAOS) — Complete EMT-Level
Instructor Question Bank With Correct Answers,
Deep Rationales & All 41 Chapters | Updated
2026 Version
Nitroglycerin is contraindicated in all of the following situations, EXCEPT:
• A:systolic BP of 80 mm Hg.
• B:recent use of Cialis.
• C:history of cardiac bypass surgery.
• D:the presence of a head injury. –
P 1
, • NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
Correct Answer :You selected C; This is correct!
Reason:
Nitroglycerin (NTG) is a vasodilator drug used to relieve chest pain in patients with cardiac compromise by
dilating the coronary arteries and improving blood flow to the heart. Because of its vasodilator effects, it should
not be given to patients who have a systolic BP less than 100 mm Hg or to patients who have recently (within
the past 24 to 48 hours) taken erectile dysfunction (ED) drugs (eg, sildenafil [Viagra], vardenafil [Levitra],
tadalafil [Cialis]). ED drugs also cause vasodilation and may cause significant hypotension if given together with
NTG. You should also avoid NTG in patients with a head injury; dilation of the cerebral blood vessels may worsen
intracranial pressure caused by the head injury. By itself, a history of cardiac bypass surgery does not
contraindicate the use of NTG.
Which of the following describes pulseless electrical activity (PEA)?
• A:A rapid cardiac rhythm that does not produce a pulse, but responds to defibrillation
• B:Any organized cardiac rhythm, slow or fast, that does not produce a palpable pulse
• C:The presence of a palpable pulse in the absence of any electrical activity in the heart
• D:A disorganized, chaotic quivering of the heart muscle that does not generate a pulse - Correct Answer :The
correct answer is B;
Reason:
Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) is a condition in which the heart produces organized electrical activity (slow or
fast), despite the absence of a palpable pulse. A disorganized, chaotic quivering of the heart muscle that does
not generate a pulse is called ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib), and is treated with defibrillation. Defibrillation is not
indicated for patients with PEA; it is only indicated for patients with V-Fib or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (V-
Tach). If the AED gives a no shock message, and the patient is still pulseless, he or she is either in asystole or PEA,
neither of which are shockable rhythms.
Which of the following questions would be the MOST effective in determining if a patient's chest pain radiates
away from his or her chest?
• A:Do you also have pain in your arm, jaw, or back?
• B:Is there any other part of your body where you have pain?
• C:Does the pain stay in your chest or move anywhere else?
P 2
, • NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
• D:Is there anything that makes the pain better or worse? - Correct Answer :You selected C; This is correct!
Reason:
When assessing a patient with any type of pain, you should avoid asking leading questions; instead, ask open-
ended questions whenever possible. For example, instead of asking the patient if his or her pain is dull, crushing,
or sharp, ask him or her to describe the pain using his or her own words. Patients with radiating pain often state
that the pain moves or travels away from its point of origin, with pain in between point A and point B. Patients
with referred pain complain of pain in more than one location, without a trail of pain in between. You should also
ask the patient if anything makes the pain worse (provokes) or better (palliates).
Occasional, irregular breaths that may be observed in a cardiac arrest patient are called:
• A:Biot respirations.
• B:Cheyne-Stokes respirations.
• C:ataxic respirations.
• D:agonal gasps. - Correct Answer :You selected D; This is correct!
Reason:
Occasional, irregular breaths, called agonal gasps, may be observed in some patients shortly after their heart
stops beating. They occur when the respiratory center in the brain sends stray signals to the respiratory muscles.
Agonal gasps are not adequate because they are infrequent and result in negligible tidal volume. Biot
respirations are characterized by an irregular pattern, rate, and depth of breathing with intermittent periods of
apnea; they are commonly associated with severe brain trauma. Ataxic respirations are ineffective, irregular
breaths that may or may not have an identifiable pattern; they are also commonly associated with severe brain
trauma. Cheyne-Stokes respirations are characterized by a crescendo-decrescendo pattern of breathing with a
period of apnea between each cycle (fast, slow, apnea). Cheyne-Stokes respirations may occur in healthy people
during certain phases of the sleep cycle; however, if they are grossly exaggerated or occur in a patient with a
head injury, they are an ominous sign.
While transporting an elderly woman who was complaining of nausea, vomiting, and weakness, she suddenly
becomes unresponsive. You should:
• A:feel for a carotid pulse for at least 5 seconds.
• B:analyze her heart rhythm with the AED.
• C:open her airway and ensure that it is clear.
P 3
, • NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
• D:quickly look at her chest for obvious movement. - Correct Answer :The correct answer is D;
Reason:
If a patient is found unresponsive or becomes unresponsive in your presence, your first action should be to
assess for breathing; this should be done by quickly (no more than 10 seconds) looking at the chest for obvious
movement. If the patient is not breathing or only has agonal gasps, you should check for a pulse for at least 5
seconds but no more than 10 seconds. If the patient has a pulse but is not breathing, open the airway and
provide rescue breathing. If the patient does not have a pulse, begin CPR (starting with chest compressions),
and apply the AED as soon as possible. If you are transporting a patient who becomes unresponsive, pulseless,
and apneic, you should begin CPR and instruct your partner to stop the ambulance and prepare the AED.
You should suspect that your patient has pulmonary edema if he or she:
• A:has swollen feet and ankles.
• B:has a dry, nonproductive cough.
• C:is hypertensive and tachycardic.
• D:cannot breathe while lying down. - Correct Answer :You selected D; This is correct!
Reason:
Pulmonary edema is often caused by failure of the left side of the heart. When the patient is lying down, he or
she experiences worsened difficulty breathing (orthopnea) because more blood backs up in the lungs. Patients
with severe pulmonary edema often produce pink, frothy sputum when they cough; this is another sign of blood
backing up in the lungs. A dry, nonproductive cough is not common. Hypertension and tachycardia are common
in patients with pulmonary edema; however, many other conditions can cause these findings. Swelling of the
feet and ankles is commonly seen in patients with right heart failure, and occurs when blood backs up beyond
the right atrium; it is not a common sign of left heart failure and pulmonary edema.
All of the following are components of the Cincinnati stroke scale, EXCEPT:
• A:pupil size.
• B:arm movement.
• C:facial droop.
• D:speech pattern. - Correct Answer :The correct answer is A;
P 4
Final Exam
Full TEST BANK 1 — Emergency Care and
Transportation of the Sick and Injured (12th
Edition, AAOS) — Complete EMT-Level
Instructor Question Bank With Correct Answers,
Deep Rationales & All 41 Chapters | Updated
2026 Version
Nitroglycerin is contraindicated in all of the following situations, EXCEPT:
• A:systolic BP of 80 mm Hg.
• B:recent use of Cialis.
• C:history of cardiac bypass surgery.
• D:the presence of a head injury. –
P 1
, • NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
Correct Answer :You selected C; This is correct!
Reason:
Nitroglycerin (NTG) is a vasodilator drug used to relieve chest pain in patients with cardiac compromise by
dilating the coronary arteries and improving blood flow to the heart. Because of its vasodilator effects, it should
not be given to patients who have a systolic BP less than 100 mm Hg or to patients who have recently (within
the past 24 to 48 hours) taken erectile dysfunction (ED) drugs (eg, sildenafil [Viagra], vardenafil [Levitra],
tadalafil [Cialis]). ED drugs also cause vasodilation and may cause significant hypotension if given together with
NTG. You should also avoid NTG in patients with a head injury; dilation of the cerebral blood vessels may worsen
intracranial pressure caused by the head injury. By itself, a history of cardiac bypass surgery does not
contraindicate the use of NTG.
Which of the following describes pulseless electrical activity (PEA)?
• A:A rapid cardiac rhythm that does not produce a pulse, but responds to defibrillation
• B:Any organized cardiac rhythm, slow or fast, that does not produce a palpable pulse
• C:The presence of a palpable pulse in the absence of any electrical activity in the heart
• D:A disorganized, chaotic quivering of the heart muscle that does not generate a pulse - Correct Answer :The
correct answer is B;
Reason:
Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) is a condition in which the heart produces organized electrical activity (slow or
fast), despite the absence of a palpable pulse. A disorganized, chaotic quivering of the heart muscle that does
not generate a pulse is called ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib), and is treated with defibrillation. Defibrillation is not
indicated for patients with PEA; it is only indicated for patients with V-Fib or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (V-
Tach). If the AED gives a no shock message, and the patient is still pulseless, he or she is either in asystole or PEA,
neither of which are shockable rhythms.
Which of the following questions would be the MOST effective in determining if a patient's chest pain radiates
away from his or her chest?
• A:Do you also have pain in your arm, jaw, or back?
• B:Is there any other part of your body where you have pain?
• C:Does the pain stay in your chest or move anywhere else?
P 2
, • NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
• D:Is there anything that makes the pain better or worse? - Correct Answer :You selected C; This is correct!
Reason:
When assessing a patient with any type of pain, you should avoid asking leading questions; instead, ask open-
ended questions whenever possible. For example, instead of asking the patient if his or her pain is dull, crushing,
or sharp, ask him or her to describe the pain using his or her own words. Patients with radiating pain often state
that the pain moves or travels away from its point of origin, with pain in between point A and point B. Patients
with referred pain complain of pain in more than one location, without a trail of pain in between. You should also
ask the patient if anything makes the pain worse (provokes) or better (palliates).
Occasional, irregular breaths that may be observed in a cardiac arrest patient are called:
• A:Biot respirations.
• B:Cheyne-Stokes respirations.
• C:ataxic respirations.
• D:agonal gasps. - Correct Answer :You selected D; This is correct!
Reason:
Occasional, irregular breaths, called agonal gasps, may be observed in some patients shortly after their heart
stops beating. They occur when the respiratory center in the brain sends stray signals to the respiratory muscles.
Agonal gasps are not adequate because they are infrequent and result in negligible tidal volume. Biot
respirations are characterized by an irregular pattern, rate, and depth of breathing with intermittent periods of
apnea; they are commonly associated with severe brain trauma. Ataxic respirations are ineffective, irregular
breaths that may or may not have an identifiable pattern; they are also commonly associated with severe brain
trauma. Cheyne-Stokes respirations are characterized by a crescendo-decrescendo pattern of breathing with a
period of apnea between each cycle (fast, slow, apnea). Cheyne-Stokes respirations may occur in healthy people
during certain phases of the sleep cycle; however, if they are grossly exaggerated or occur in a patient with a
head injury, they are an ominous sign.
While transporting an elderly woman who was complaining of nausea, vomiting, and weakness, she suddenly
becomes unresponsive. You should:
• A:feel for a carotid pulse for at least 5 seconds.
• B:analyze her heart rhythm with the AED.
• C:open her airway and ensure that it is clear.
P 3
, • NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
• D:quickly look at her chest for obvious movement. - Correct Answer :The correct answer is D;
Reason:
If a patient is found unresponsive or becomes unresponsive in your presence, your first action should be to
assess for breathing; this should be done by quickly (no more than 10 seconds) looking at the chest for obvious
movement. If the patient is not breathing or only has agonal gasps, you should check for a pulse for at least 5
seconds but no more than 10 seconds. If the patient has a pulse but is not breathing, open the airway and
provide rescue breathing. If the patient does not have a pulse, begin CPR (starting with chest compressions),
and apply the AED as soon as possible. If you are transporting a patient who becomes unresponsive, pulseless,
and apneic, you should begin CPR and instruct your partner to stop the ambulance and prepare the AED.
You should suspect that your patient has pulmonary edema if he or she:
• A:has swollen feet and ankles.
• B:has a dry, nonproductive cough.
• C:is hypertensive and tachycardic.
• D:cannot breathe while lying down. - Correct Answer :You selected D; This is correct!
Reason:
Pulmonary edema is often caused by failure of the left side of the heart. When the patient is lying down, he or
she experiences worsened difficulty breathing (orthopnea) because more blood backs up in the lungs. Patients
with severe pulmonary edema often produce pink, frothy sputum when they cough; this is another sign of blood
backing up in the lungs. A dry, nonproductive cough is not common. Hypertension and tachycardia are common
in patients with pulmonary edema; however, many other conditions can cause these findings. Swelling of the
feet and ankles is commonly seen in patients with right heart failure, and occurs when blood backs up beyond
the right atrium; it is not a common sign of left heart failure and pulmonary edema.
All of the following are components of the Cincinnati stroke scale, EXCEPT:
• A:pupil size.
• B:arm movement.
• C:facial droop.
• D:speech pattern. - Correct Answer :The correct answer is A;
P 4
