• NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
Full TEST BANK — Emergency Care and
Transportation of the Sick and Injured (12th
Edition, AAOS) — Complete EMT-Level
Instructor Question Bank With Correct Answers,
Deep Rationales & All 41 Chapters | Updated
2026 Version
A 42-year-old male presents with fever, a severe headache, and a stiff neck. He is conscious, but confused. His
wife tells you that he does not have any medical problems and does not take any medications. You should be
MOST suspicious for:
• A:acute stroke.
• B:influenza.
• C:meningitis.
P 1
, • NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
• D:tuberculosis.
(
You selected C; This is correct!
Reason:Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective coverings of the brain and spinal cord (meninges).
Common signs and symptoms of meningitis include fever, headache, neck stiffness (nuchal rigidity), and
vomiting. An altered mental status is common in severe cases. Meningococcal meningitis, caused by a
bacterium, is the most contagious and potentially fatal type of meningitis. The patient's signs and symptoms are
not consistent with acute stroke, tuberculosis (TB), or influenza (the flu). Although fever is common with both
TB and the flu, neither causes neck stiffness. Acute stroke may be associated with a headache, especially a
hemorrhagic stroke; however, stroke patients typically do not have a fever.
All of the following are signs of gastrointestinal bleeding, EXCEPT:
• A:melena.
• B:hematemesis.
• C:tachycardia.
• D:hemoptysis.
You selected D; This is correct!
Reason:Signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding include abdominal pain; vomiting blood
(hematemesis); the passage of dark, tarry stools (melena); and bright red rectal bleeding (hematochezia). If
blood loss is significant, the patient may have signs of shock (eg, tachycardia, diaphoresis, tachypnea,
hypotension). Hemoptysis (coughing up blood) is a sign of a pulmonary injury, not GI bleeding.
A 24-year-old female presents with a rash to her left leg and swollen, painful knee joints. She tells you that she
and her friends returned from a hiking trip in the mountains a week ago. She is conscious and alert with a blood
pressure of 112/62 mm Hg, a pulse of 84 beats/min, and respirations of 14 breaths/min. Her symptoms are MOST
likely the result of:
• A:Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
• B:tetanus.
• C:Lyme disease.
• D:a localized allergic reaction.
P 2
, • NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
You selected C; This is correct!
Reason:The patient's symptoms and her history of a recent hiking trip are consistent with Lyme disease, which
was the result of a tick bite. Ticks can carry two infectious diseases: Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted
fever. Both are spread through the tick's saliva, which is injected into the skin when the tick attaches itself. The
first symptom of Lyme disease, a rash that may spread to several parts of the body, begins about 3 days after
the bite of an infected tick. The rash may eventually resemble a target bull's-eye pattern in one third of patients.
After a few more days or weeks, painful swelling of the joints, particularly the knees, occurs. If recognized and
treated promptly with antibiotics, many patients recover completely. Rocky Mountain spotted fever, which is
not limited to the Rocky Mountains, occurs within 7 to 10 days after being bitten by an infected tick. Its
symptoms include nausea, vomiting, headache, weakness, paralysis, and possibly cardiopulmonary failure.
A 50-year-old woman who is conscious and alert complains of a severe migraine headache. When caring for her,
you should generally avoid:
• A:transporting her in a supine position.
• B:shining a light into her pupils.
• C:dimming the lights in the ambulance.
• D:applying ice packs to her forehead.
You selected B; This is correct!
Reason:Patients with migraine or cluster headaches typically have photophobia (light sensitivity). Any type of
bright light, especially if shone directly into the eyes, will cause the patient with a headache unnecessary severe
pain. Dimming the lights in the ambulance and making the patient as comfortable as possible are the treatments
of choice for a patient with a headache. Some patients benefit from ice packs applied to the forehead; just be
sure to wrap the ice pack with roller gauze. Oxygen also should be administered as needed. Typically, the patient
will prefer to lie supine or on the side
A patient who overdosed on heroin would be expected to present with:
• A:tachycardia.
• B:hyperpnea.
• C:hypotension.
• D:dilated pupils.
The correct answer is C;
Reason:Heroin is a Schedule I (illegal) narcotic that is typically injected. As with all narcotics, legal or illegal,
overdose causes depression of the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in a decreased level of
P 3
, • NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
consciousness; bradycardia; hypotension; and slow, shallow (reduced tidal volume) breathing. Hyperpnea (deep
breathing) would not be present in a patient who overdosed on a narcotic. In a narcotic overdose, the pupils are
typically constricted (miosis). Barbiturates, such as phenobarbital, are also CNS depressants and cause the same
symptoms seen with narcotic overdose. The patient's pupils, however, are typically dilated (mydriasis), not
constricted.
When caring for any patient with a decreased level of consciousness, your primary concern should be the:
• A:potential for airway compromise.
• B:patient's blood glucose level.
• C:possibility of a spinal injury.
• D:possibility of a drug overdose.
You selected A; This is correct!
Reason:Altered mental status could be caused by a high or low blood glucose level, drug overdose, or head
injury, among other causes. Furthermore, the possibility of a spinal injury should be considered if the patient was
injured. However, your primary concern should be the status of the patient's airway. Patients with a decreased
level of consciousness are at risk for aspiration if vomiting occurs. Unless spinal trauma is present or the patient
is breathing inadequately (eg, fast or slow rate, shallow breathing [reduced tidal volume]), place him or her in
the recovery position to facilitate drainage if vomiting occurs. Remember this: no airway, no patient!
A 16-year-old, 125-pound male ingested a bottle of aspirin approximately 20 minutes ago. Medical control orders
you to administer activated charcoal in a dose of 1 g/kg. How much activated charcoal should you administer?
• A:54 g
• B:60 g
• C:51 g
• D:57 g
You selected D; This is correct!
Reason: First, you must determine the patient's weight in kilograms (kg). Either of the following formulae can be
used to convert pounds to kilograms: Formula 1: weight (in pounds) ÷ 2.2 = weight in kg. Formula 2: weight (in
pounds) ÷ 2 - 10% = weight in kg. On the basis of the above formulae, a 125-pound patient weighs 57 kg. Using
formula 1, the equation is as follows: 125 (weight in pounds) ÷ 2.2 = 56.81 (57 [rounded to the nearest tenth]).
Using formula 2, the equation is as follows: 125 (weight in pounds) ÷ 2 = 62.5 (63 [rounded to the nearest tenth] -
P 4
Final Exam
Full TEST BANK — Emergency Care and
Transportation of the Sick and Injured (12th
Edition, AAOS) — Complete EMT-Level
Instructor Question Bank With Correct Answers,
Deep Rationales & All 41 Chapters | Updated
2026 Version
A 42-year-old male presents with fever, a severe headache, and a stiff neck. He is conscious, but confused. His
wife tells you that he does not have any medical problems and does not take any medications. You should be
MOST suspicious for:
• A:acute stroke.
• B:influenza.
• C:meningitis.
P 1
, • NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
• D:tuberculosis.
(
You selected C; This is correct!
Reason:Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective coverings of the brain and spinal cord (meninges).
Common signs and symptoms of meningitis include fever, headache, neck stiffness (nuchal rigidity), and
vomiting. An altered mental status is common in severe cases. Meningococcal meningitis, caused by a
bacterium, is the most contagious and potentially fatal type of meningitis. The patient's signs and symptoms are
not consistent with acute stroke, tuberculosis (TB), or influenza (the flu). Although fever is common with both
TB and the flu, neither causes neck stiffness. Acute stroke may be associated with a headache, especially a
hemorrhagic stroke; however, stroke patients typically do not have a fever.
All of the following are signs of gastrointestinal bleeding, EXCEPT:
• A:melena.
• B:hematemesis.
• C:tachycardia.
• D:hemoptysis.
You selected D; This is correct!
Reason:Signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding include abdominal pain; vomiting blood
(hematemesis); the passage of dark, tarry stools (melena); and bright red rectal bleeding (hematochezia). If
blood loss is significant, the patient may have signs of shock (eg, tachycardia, diaphoresis, tachypnea,
hypotension). Hemoptysis (coughing up blood) is a sign of a pulmonary injury, not GI bleeding.
A 24-year-old female presents with a rash to her left leg and swollen, painful knee joints. She tells you that she
and her friends returned from a hiking trip in the mountains a week ago. She is conscious and alert with a blood
pressure of 112/62 mm Hg, a pulse of 84 beats/min, and respirations of 14 breaths/min. Her symptoms are MOST
likely the result of:
• A:Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
• B:tetanus.
• C:Lyme disease.
• D:a localized allergic reaction.
P 2
, • NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
You selected C; This is correct!
Reason:The patient's symptoms and her history of a recent hiking trip are consistent with Lyme disease, which
was the result of a tick bite. Ticks can carry two infectious diseases: Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted
fever. Both are spread through the tick's saliva, which is injected into the skin when the tick attaches itself. The
first symptom of Lyme disease, a rash that may spread to several parts of the body, begins about 3 days after
the bite of an infected tick. The rash may eventually resemble a target bull's-eye pattern in one third of patients.
After a few more days or weeks, painful swelling of the joints, particularly the knees, occurs. If recognized and
treated promptly with antibiotics, many patients recover completely. Rocky Mountain spotted fever, which is
not limited to the Rocky Mountains, occurs within 7 to 10 days after being bitten by an infected tick. Its
symptoms include nausea, vomiting, headache, weakness, paralysis, and possibly cardiopulmonary failure.
A 50-year-old woman who is conscious and alert complains of a severe migraine headache. When caring for her,
you should generally avoid:
• A:transporting her in a supine position.
• B:shining a light into her pupils.
• C:dimming the lights in the ambulance.
• D:applying ice packs to her forehead.
You selected B; This is correct!
Reason:Patients with migraine or cluster headaches typically have photophobia (light sensitivity). Any type of
bright light, especially if shone directly into the eyes, will cause the patient with a headache unnecessary severe
pain. Dimming the lights in the ambulance and making the patient as comfortable as possible are the treatments
of choice for a patient with a headache. Some patients benefit from ice packs applied to the forehead; just be
sure to wrap the ice pack with roller gauze. Oxygen also should be administered as needed. Typically, the patient
will prefer to lie supine or on the side
A patient who overdosed on heroin would be expected to present with:
• A:tachycardia.
• B:hyperpnea.
• C:hypotension.
• D:dilated pupils.
The correct answer is C;
Reason:Heroin is a Schedule I (illegal) narcotic that is typically injected. As with all narcotics, legal or illegal,
overdose causes depression of the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in a decreased level of
P 3
, • NUR 2755 MDC4 09/11/2026
Final Exam
consciousness; bradycardia; hypotension; and slow, shallow (reduced tidal volume) breathing. Hyperpnea (deep
breathing) would not be present in a patient who overdosed on a narcotic. In a narcotic overdose, the pupils are
typically constricted (miosis). Barbiturates, such as phenobarbital, are also CNS depressants and cause the same
symptoms seen with narcotic overdose. The patient's pupils, however, are typically dilated (mydriasis), not
constricted.
When caring for any patient with a decreased level of consciousness, your primary concern should be the:
• A:potential for airway compromise.
• B:patient's blood glucose level.
• C:possibility of a spinal injury.
• D:possibility of a drug overdose.
You selected A; This is correct!
Reason:Altered mental status could be caused by a high or low blood glucose level, drug overdose, or head
injury, among other causes. Furthermore, the possibility of a spinal injury should be considered if the patient was
injured. However, your primary concern should be the status of the patient's airway. Patients with a decreased
level of consciousness are at risk for aspiration if vomiting occurs. Unless spinal trauma is present or the patient
is breathing inadequately (eg, fast or slow rate, shallow breathing [reduced tidal volume]), place him or her in
the recovery position to facilitate drainage if vomiting occurs. Remember this: no airway, no patient!
A 16-year-old, 125-pound male ingested a bottle of aspirin approximately 20 minutes ago. Medical control orders
you to administer activated charcoal in a dose of 1 g/kg. How much activated charcoal should you administer?
• A:54 g
• B:60 g
• C:51 g
• D:57 g
You selected D; This is correct!
Reason: First, you must determine the patient's weight in kilograms (kg). Either of the following formulae can be
used to convert pounds to kilograms: Formula 1: weight (in pounds) ÷ 2.2 = weight in kg. Formula 2: weight (in
pounds) ÷ 2 - 10% = weight in kg. On the basis of the above formulae, a 125-pound patient weighs 57 kg. Using
formula 1, the equation is as follows: 125 (weight in pounds) ÷ 2.2 = 56.81 (57 [rounded to the nearest tenth]).
Using formula 2, the equation is as follows: 125 (weight in pounds) ÷ 2 = 62.5 (63 [rounded to the nearest tenth] -
P 4
