ALL NREMT UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ Obstructive shock. Answer: The type of shock that results when
conditions that cause mechanical obstruction of the cardiac muscle
also impact pump function
ex. cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax
◉ Beck's triad. Answer: Signs of a cardiac tamponade. JVD,
narrowing BP pressures, muffled heart sounds
◉ Distributive shock. Answer: The type of shock when there is
widespread dilation of the small arterioles, venules, or both. Blood
pools in the expanded vascular beds and tissue perfusion decreases
◉ Types of distributive shock. Answer: Septic shock caused by
severe infections; neurogenic shock caused by damage to the spinal
cord (bradycardia, low BP, warm skin); anaphylactic shock caused by
allergic reaction; psychogenic shock
◉ Hypovolemic shock. Answer: The type of shock that results from
an inadequate amount of fluid or volume in the system
-15% of blood volume
,◉ How do you treat for shock?. Answer: Keep the patient warm,
control bleeding, put the patient in a position of comfort, and
administer high-flow oxygen
◉ brain damage without oxygen. Answer: -without enough oxygen,
cardiac arrest or brain damage occurs within about 4 minutes
-permanent brain damage within 6 minutes
-death likely within 10 minutes
◉ FBAO. Answer: -signs of blockage include inability to cough or
speak or inability to ventilate patient
-bending patient forward at the waist, support chest with one hand,
use heel of hand to give 5 back blows between shoulder blades
-then 5 abdominal thrusts
-alternate between the two until object is dislodged
-if patient loses consciousness, give CPR starting with chest
compressions
-given even if patient has a pulse, so don't check
-before giving breaths, look inside mouth for any visible objects
◉ FBAO in children. Answer: -using thigh for support, lay facing
down along forearm; ensure head is lower than the body
-give 5 firm back blows between blades
,-5 chest thrusts; place 2 to 3 fingers in the middle of the chest just
below the nipples. push down 1.5 inches.
-alternate, unless lose consciousness, then CPR
◉ mouse to mouth/mouth to nose. Answer: -mouth to mouth
performed when patient does not have adequate breathing and
artificial ventilation not available
-open airway
-place barrier device
-pinch nose and form seal around patient's mouth
-check for FBAO if you do not see chest rise and fall
-give 1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds for adults and 1 every 3 for peds
◉ Steps of CPR. Answer: Determine unresponsiveness. Check for
breathing for up to 10 seconds. Check carotid pulse for up to 10
seconds. Begin CPR until AED is available. Give 30 compressions at
100 beats/min and then 2 breaths over the course of 1 second. Once
an advanced airway is inserted, ventilate at a rate of 8-10
breaths/min and do not stop compressions.
This is exactly the same for children, except two-rescuer CPR is 15:2.
If patient experiences a return of spontaneous circulation, ventilate
at a rate of 10-12 breaths/min.
, ◉ compression to breath ratios. Answer: under 8 years old:
-2 provider: 15:2
-1 provider: 30:2
-one third of chest diameter
older:
-30:2 always
-2 inches
◉ AED procedure. Answer: -if cardiac arrest was not seen by EMS,
give 5 cycles of 30:2 before defibrillating
-if cardiac arrest was seen, one EMT begins compressions and the
other applies AED
-if only one EMT available, apply AED immediately
-check for pulse 2 minutes after defib
-if no shockable rhythm, wait 2 minutes and re-analyze
◉ When to place left lateral. Answer: If patient has adequate
breathing and is uninjured. To maintain a patent airway in an
unresponsive patient.
◉ What to do if you fail to ventilate. Answer: If the breath doesn't go
in successfully, reposition the patient and try again. If there is still
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
◉ Obstructive shock. Answer: The type of shock that results when
conditions that cause mechanical obstruction of the cardiac muscle
also impact pump function
ex. cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax
◉ Beck's triad. Answer: Signs of a cardiac tamponade. JVD,
narrowing BP pressures, muffled heart sounds
◉ Distributive shock. Answer: The type of shock when there is
widespread dilation of the small arterioles, venules, or both. Blood
pools in the expanded vascular beds and tissue perfusion decreases
◉ Types of distributive shock. Answer: Septic shock caused by
severe infections; neurogenic shock caused by damage to the spinal
cord (bradycardia, low BP, warm skin); anaphylactic shock caused by
allergic reaction; psychogenic shock
◉ Hypovolemic shock. Answer: The type of shock that results from
an inadequate amount of fluid or volume in the system
-15% of blood volume
,◉ How do you treat for shock?. Answer: Keep the patient warm,
control bleeding, put the patient in a position of comfort, and
administer high-flow oxygen
◉ brain damage without oxygen. Answer: -without enough oxygen,
cardiac arrest or brain damage occurs within about 4 minutes
-permanent brain damage within 6 minutes
-death likely within 10 minutes
◉ FBAO. Answer: -signs of blockage include inability to cough or
speak or inability to ventilate patient
-bending patient forward at the waist, support chest with one hand,
use heel of hand to give 5 back blows between shoulder blades
-then 5 abdominal thrusts
-alternate between the two until object is dislodged
-if patient loses consciousness, give CPR starting with chest
compressions
-given even if patient has a pulse, so don't check
-before giving breaths, look inside mouth for any visible objects
◉ FBAO in children. Answer: -using thigh for support, lay facing
down along forearm; ensure head is lower than the body
-give 5 firm back blows between blades
,-5 chest thrusts; place 2 to 3 fingers in the middle of the chest just
below the nipples. push down 1.5 inches.
-alternate, unless lose consciousness, then CPR
◉ mouse to mouth/mouth to nose. Answer: -mouth to mouth
performed when patient does not have adequate breathing and
artificial ventilation not available
-open airway
-place barrier device
-pinch nose and form seal around patient's mouth
-check for FBAO if you do not see chest rise and fall
-give 1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds for adults and 1 every 3 for peds
◉ Steps of CPR. Answer: Determine unresponsiveness. Check for
breathing for up to 10 seconds. Check carotid pulse for up to 10
seconds. Begin CPR until AED is available. Give 30 compressions at
100 beats/min and then 2 breaths over the course of 1 second. Once
an advanced airway is inserted, ventilate at a rate of 8-10
breaths/min and do not stop compressions.
This is exactly the same for children, except two-rescuer CPR is 15:2.
If patient experiences a return of spontaneous circulation, ventilate
at a rate of 10-12 breaths/min.
, ◉ compression to breath ratios. Answer: under 8 years old:
-2 provider: 15:2
-1 provider: 30:2
-one third of chest diameter
older:
-30:2 always
-2 inches
◉ AED procedure. Answer: -if cardiac arrest was not seen by EMS,
give 5 cycles of 30:2 before defibrillating
-if cardiac arrest was seen, one EMT begins compressions and the
other applies AED
-if only one EMT available, apply AED immediately
-check for pulse 2 minutes after defib
-if no shockable rhythm, wait 2 minutes and re-analyze
◉ When to place left lateral. Answer: If patient has adequate
breathing and is uninjured. To maintain a patent airway in an
unresponsive patient.
◉ What to do if you fail to ventilate. Answer: If the breath doesn't go
in successfully, reposition the patient and try again. If there is still
