HUMAN RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:
STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND PATHOLOGIES | FROM
QUESTION TO PERFECTION| STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027.
Duration: 2 Hours.
Total Marks: 100%.
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, What is the main function of the respiratory system? Answer: To transport oxygen from the
atmosphere into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the body.
How does the structure of the respiratory system maximize gas exchange? Answer: It is
structured to maximize surface area, with the alveoli providing a surface area equivalent to half
a basketball court.
What is the process of bringing oxygen into the lungs called? Answer: Breathing (inhaling and
exhaling).
What is ventilation? Answer: The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs.
What is the role of the pleura in the respiratory system? Answer: The pleura is a tough,
protective double membrane surrounding each lung.
What is the function of capillaries in the respiratory system? Answer: Capillaries interact with
alveoli to facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
What is diffusion in the context of gas exchange? Answer: The process where oxygen moves
into the blood and carbon dioxide moves into the lungs.
What happens during inhalation? Answer: The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract,
increasing lung volume and decreasing pressure to draw air in.
What is tidal volume? Answer: The amount of air breathed in and out during a normal breath.
What is residual volume? Answer: The small amount of air rich in carbon dioxide that remains
trapped in the alveoli after expiration.
How does the brain control respiration? Answer: The medulla oblongata monitors carbon
dioxide levels and blood pH to regulate respiration rates.
What is asthma? Answer: A condition where the airways narrow, making it difficult to inhale
and exhale normal amounts of air.
What are some common pathogens that affect lung function? Answer: Influenza, tuberculosis,
and pneumonia.
What is the structure of alveoli? Answer: Thin-walled structures that are one cell thick and
organized in clusters, serving as the site of gas exchange.
How many lobes does the right lung have? Answer: Three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior.
How many lobes does the left lung have? Answer: Two lobes: superior and inferior.
What is the function of the cardiovascular system? Answer: To transport nutrients, hormones,
and wastes throughout the body.
What are the two parts of the closed circulatory system? Answer: The pulmonary loop and the
systemic loop.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND PATHOLOGIES | FROM
QUESTION TO PERFECTION| STUDY WITH CONFIDENCE!
Course Code:
Course Title:
Programme:
Academic Year: 2026/2027.
Duration: 2 Hours.
Total Marks: 100%.
Candidate Instructions:
1) Write your Registration Number on every answer booklet used.
2) Answer ALL questions in Section A and ANY TWO (2) questions in Section B.
3) Read each question carefully before answering.
4) Begin each question on a new page.
5) The marks for each question are indicated in brackets.
6) This paper consists of several printed pages, including this page.
7) Ensure your copy is complete before the examination begins.
8) Unauthorized materials and communication with other candidates are not permitted.
Turn Over.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
1
, What is the main function of the respiratory system? Answer: To transport oxygen from the
atmosphere into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the body.
How does the structure of the respiratory system maximize gas exchange? Answer: It is
structured to maximize surface area, with the alveoli providing a surface area equivalent to half
a basketball court.
What is the process of bringing oxygen into the lungs called? Answer: Breathing (inhaling and
exhaling).
What is ventilation? Answer: The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs.
What is the role of the pleura in the respiratory system? Answer: The pleura is a tough,
protective double membrane surrounding each lung.
What is the function of capillaries in the respiratory system? Answer: Capillaries interact with
alveoli to facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
What is diffusion in the context of gas exchange? Answer: The process where oxygen moves
into the blood and carbon dioxide moves into the lungs.
What happens during inhalation? Answer: The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract,
increasing lung volume and decreasing pressure to draw air in.
What is tidal volume? Answer: The amount of air breathed in and out during a normal breath.
What is residual volume? Answer: The small amount of air rich in carbon dioxide that remains
trapped in the alveoli after expiration.
How does the brain control respiration? Answer: The medulla oblongata monitors carbon
dioxide levels and blood pH to regulate respiration rates.
What is asthma? Answer: A condition where the airways narrow, making it difficult to inhale
and exhale normal amounts of air.
What are some common pathogens that affect lung function? Answer: Influenza, tuberculosis,
and pneumonia.
What is the structure of alveoli? Answer: Thin-walled structures that are one cell thick and
organized in clusters, serving as the site of gas exchange.
How many lobes does the right lung have? Answer: Three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior.
How many lobes does the left lung have? Answer: Two lobes: superior and inferior.
What is the function of the cardiovascular system? Answer: To transport nutrients, hormones,
and wastes throughout the body.
What are the two parts of the closed circulatory system? Answer: The pulmonary loop and the
systemic loop.
APPHIA – Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
2
