GCU PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM |LATEST
UPDATED 2026/2027 |A COMPLETE SOLUTION ALL
ANSWERS GET IT 100% CORRECT |VERIFIED BEST
GRADED A+ FOR SUCCESS
cell stressors
tissue ischemia, extreme temperature exposures, radiation exposure,
physical tissue damage, chemical toxins, microorganisms, abnormal
accumulation of metabolites in cells, nutritional deficits
effects of hypoxic cell injury
1. ATP depletion: anaerobic metabolism - until glycogen stores are
depleted, Na/K ATPase & Ca ATPase are affected, increased intracellular
Na & Ca, H2O follows Na - Cell swelling, RER swelling - ribosomes detach
- decrease in protein synthesis
2. Increased Intracellular Calcium: Ca activates intracellular catabolic
enzymes, decrease in ATP, membrane damage, DNA damage, Increase in
mitochondrial permeability - increase in ROS
3. Oxygen-derived free radicals = ROS: destruction of cell membrane &
nucleus
4. Defects in Membrane Permeability: Leakage of intracellular enzymes,
can be detected in the blood
cellular adaption
allows the stressed tissue to survive or maintain function
such as:
,atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia
Hypertrophy
increase in cell size
Hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in
the number of cells in the tissues
Metaplasia
Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Dysplasia
abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
Necrosis
tissue death
Types of Necrosis
coagulation, liquefaction, caseous
Coagulative necrosis
Cell proteins are altered or denatured - coagulation
Liquifactive necrosis
necrotic tissue has dissolved and is gone
a the of necrosis with liquefaction of neurons and glial cells in the brain
as a result of ischemic injury or bacterial infection
Caseous necrosis
degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance
, Fat necrosis
Fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids
Gangrenous necrosis
death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury
death of tissue from hypoxia, commonly from arteiosclerosis and
affecting lower leg; may be be classified as dry, where the skin appears
brown and wrinkled, or wet, where the skin appears cold, swollen and
black as a result of liquefactive necrosis occurring at the site
Dry necrosis
a form of coagulative necrosis that develops in ischemic tissue, where the
blood supply is inadequate to keep tissue viable
Wet Necrosis
liquefactive necrosis (superimposed infection)
Gas necrosis
refers to the special type of gangrene caused by Clostridium
formation of air bubbles in the tissue
Cystic fibrosis
A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory
and digestive systems.
How is cystic fibrosis inherited?
autosomal recessive trait meaning both parents carry a recessive trait for
the disease
The allele is recessive. If both parents are carriers there is a 25% chance
that the offspring will have CF.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
UPDATED 2026/2027 |A COMPLETE SOLUTION ALL
ANSWERS GET IT 100% CORRECT |VERIFIED BEST
GRADED A+ FOR SUCCESS
cell stressors
tissue ischemia, extreme temperature exposures, radiation exposure,
physical tissue damage, chemical toxins, microorganisms, abnormal
accumulation of metabolites in cells, nutritional deficits
effects of hypoxic cell injury
1. ATP depletion: anaerobic metabolism - until glycogen stores are
depleted, Na/K ATPase & Ca ATPase are affected, increased intracellular
Na & Ca, H2O follows Na - Cell swelling, RER swelling - ribosomes detach
- decrease in protein synthesis
2. Increased Intracellular Calcium: Ca activates intracellular catabolic
enzymes, decrease in ATP, membrane damage, DNA damage, Increase in
mitochondrial permeability - increase in ROS
3. Oxygen-derived free radicals = ROS: destruction of cell membrane &
nucleus
4. Defects in Membrane Permeability: Leakage of intracellular enzymes,
can be detected in the blood
cellular adaption
allows the stressed tissue to survive or maintain function
such as:
,atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia
Hypertrophy
increase in cell size
Hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in
the number of cells in the tissues
Metaplasia
Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Dysplasia
abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
Necrosis
tissue death
Types of Necrosis
coagulation, liquefaction, caseous
Coagulative necrosis
Cell proteins are altered or denatured - coagulation
Liquifactive necrosis
necrotic tissue has dissolved and is gone
a the of necrosis with liquefaction of neurons and glial cells in the brain
as a result of ischemic injury or bacterial infection
Caseous necrosis
degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance
, Fat necrosis
Fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids
Gangrenous necrosis
death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury
death of tissue from hypoxia, commonly from arteiosclerosis and
affecting lower leg; may be be classified as dry, where the skin appears
brown and wrinkled, or wet, where the skin appears cold, swollen and
black as a result of liquefactive necrosis occurring at the site
Dry necrosis
a form of coagulative necrosis that develops in ischemic tissue, where the
blood supply is inadequate to keep tissue viable
Wet Necrosis
liquefactive necrosis (superimposed infection)
Gas necrosis
refers to the special type of gangrene caused by Clostridium
formation of air bubbles in the tissue
Cystic fibrosis
A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory
and digestive systems.
How is cystic fibrosis inherited?
autosomal recessive trait meaning both parents carry a recessive trait for
the disease
The allele is recessive. If both parents are carriers there is a 25% chance
that the offspring will have CF.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
