NR283- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY- EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE FOR GOULD'S UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

NR283- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY- EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE FOR
GOULD'S UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS

Question:
1. Describe the research stages necessary to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of a new therapy.
Answer:
Basically a three-step process before a new therapy can be approved.
First stage: "basic science"
Second Stage: determination if therapy is safe for humans (clinical trials with a small number of human
subjects)
Third Stage: more clinical trials with double-blind studies

Question:
2. Explain "off-label" use of a drug previously approved and give an example.
Answer:
An approved therapy may show additional benefits to treat a different disease. A recent example for
"off-label" use is the use of hydroxychloroquine, a drug approved for the treatment and prevention of
malaria and now also used by some physicians in the fight against SARS-CoV-2.

Question:
3. Differentiate between an acute disease and a chronic disease.
Answer:
Acute disease: a short-term illness that develops quickly
Chronic disease: a milder condition that develops gradually but persists for a long time and usually causes
more permanent damage

Question:
4. What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?
Answer:
Epidemic: higher than expected number of cases of an infectious disease within a given area
Pandemic: higher number of cases in many regions of the globe

Question:
5. Cells adapt to environmental changes by changing their size, number, and type. For each of the
following scenarios, identify the appropriate adaptive cellular change or changes that occur, using the
following terms:
atrophy hypertrophy hyperplasia metaplasia dysplasia neoplasia
i. a decrease in the size of a leg after being in a cast for 6 weeks: ii. breast enlargement at puberty: iii. a
dramatic increase in muscle mass in an Olympic weight lifter: iv. a very aggressively growing cancer
mass: v. a benign tumor growing along the spine: vi. the changes that occur in the lower extremities of
someone paralyzed below the waist:

,Answer:
i. a decrease in the size of a leg after being in a cast for 6 weeks: ATROPHY
ii. breast enlargement at puberty: HYPERPLASIA
iii. a dramatic increase in muscle mass in an Olympic weight lifter: HYPERTROPHY
iv. a very aggressively growing cancer mass: NEO- PLASIA
v. a benign tumor growing along the spine: NEO- PLASIA
vi. the changes that occur in the lower extremities of someone paralyzed below the waist: ATROPHY

Question:
6. Cells adapt to environmental changes by changing their size, number, and type. For each of the
following scenarios, identify the appropriate adaptive cellular change or changes that occur, using the
following terms:
atrophy hypertrophy hyperplasia metaplasia dysplasia neoplasia
vii. a pressure area under a poorly fitting denture: viii. the changes that often occur over years in the
respiratory tract of a smoker: ix. the changes responsible for an abnormal Pap smear: x. the response of the
skeletal system to excessive growth hormone: xi. the thyroid gland's response to hypersecretion of
thyroid-stimulating hormone: xii. the liver's response to prolonged drug intoxication (e.g., chronic alcohol
abuse):
Answer:
vii. a pressure area under a poorly fitting denture: ATROPHY
viii. the changes that often occur over years in the respiratory tract of a smoker: METAPLASIA ix. the
changes responsible for an abnormal Pap smear: DYSPLASIA
x. the response of the skeletal system to excessive growth hormone: HYPERPLASIA
xi. the thyroid gland's response to hypersecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone: METAPLA- SIA,
DYSPLASIA, NEOPLASIA
xii. the liver's response to prolonged drug intoxication (e.g., chronic alcohol abuse): HYPERPLASIA

Question:
7. Cells adapt to environmental changes by changing their size, number, and type. For each of the
following scenarios, identify the appropriate adaptive cellular change or changes that occur, using the
following terms:
atrophy hypertrophy hyperplasia metaplasia dysplasia neoplasia
xiii. the changes that occur in the gallbladder with the development of gallstones: xiv. the thyroid gland's
response to decreased iodine intake: xv. the effect of decreased pituitary function on the adrenal glands:
xvi. the development of callus on the hands of an individual involved in heavy physical labor:
Answer:
xiii. the changes that occur in the gallbladder with the development of gallstones: HYPERTROPHY
xiv. the thyroid gland's response to decreased iodine intake: HYPERPLASIA
xv. the effect of decreased pituitary function on the adrenal glands: ATROPHY xvi. the development of
callus on the hands of an individual involved in heavy physical labor: HY- PERPLASIA

Question:
8. Which of the cellular adaptations above is considered the most dangerous? Explain why.
Answer:
Dysplasia; may be the forerunner of neoplasia

Question:
9. Explain the significance of anaplasia.

,Answer:
failure of cells to differentiate or develop specialized features; term apply to grading malignant tumors

Question:
10. List eight causes of cellular damage.
Answer:
1. Ischemia
2. Physical agents (e.g.- excessive temperature, radiation)
3. Mechanical damage
4. Chemical toxins or foreign substances
5. Pathogens
6. Abnormal metabolites
7. Nutritional deficits
8. Fluid or electrolyte imbalances

Question:
11. condition in which cells fail to develop specialized features
Answer:
Anaplasia




Question:
12. a tumor
Answer:
Neoplasia




Question:
13. number of new cases of a disease
Answer:
incidence

, Question:
14. worsening of a disease
Answer:
exacerbation

Question:
15. death rate
Answer:
mortality

Question:
16. tissue enlargement caused by an increase in cell number
Answer:
Hyperplasia




Question:
17. development of a disease
Answer:
pathogenesis

Question:
18. the study of the cause of a disease
Answer:
etiology

Question:
19. a specific local change in tissue
Answer:
lesion

Question:
20. condition that continues for a prolonged period