NSG 120 Final Test Questions with Verified
Correct Answers
Pathogenesis
The development of the disease or the sequence of events involved in the tissue changes
related to the specific disease process.
Onset
sudden OR acute- An acute disease indicates a short-term illness that develops quickly with
marked signs such as high fever or severe pain—for example, acute appendicitis; onset may
be insidious, best described as a gradual progression with only vague or very mild signs.
Chronic
often a milder condition developing gradually, such as rheumatoid arthritis, but it persists for
a long time and usually causes more permanent tissue damage. Often a chronic disease is
marked by intermittent acute episodes.
Subclinical (stage/phase)
in which pathologic changes occur but the patient exhibits no obvious manifestations,
perhaps because of the great reserve capacity of some organs.
Latent stage
"silent" stage, in which no clinical signs are evident, characterizes some diseases. In
infectious diseases this stage may be referred to as the incubation period, which is the time
between exposure to the microorganism and the onset of signs or symptoms; it may last for a
day or so or may be prolonged, perhaps for days or weeks.
Disease transmission of an insect bite
,The injury occurs when the insect either bites or stings the patient. Venom is injected into the
tissue, resulting in the body's response to a foreign protein.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever/Tick Bite disease transmission
The causative agent, Rickettsia rickettsii, is transmitted by the wood tick and is carried in the
feces of infected ticks. It is introduced into the bloodstream of a person during a prolonged
tick bite.
Symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Class triad: headache, fever, maculopapular rash (bumps and petechial rash)
high fever
Malaria/Mosquito bite disease transmission
Malaria is caused by four species of the protozoan genus Plasmodium, which is transmitted
from infected human to human by the bite of mosquito vectors or, less commonly, by blood
transfusion or IV drug use.
Disease transmission of animal/human bites
The bite occurs when the offending animal is agitated, frightened, threatened, or angry. Bites
can be from domestic animals, such as cats and dogs; farm animals; or wild animals, such as
skunks, bats, raccoons, and foxes. Human bites have been recorded.
The pattern of the teeth marks is helpful in determining the type of bite, human or animal,
and the type of animal that did the biting if not immediately known.
Snake bite disease transmission
,Four kinds of poisonous snakes are known to inhabit the United States: rattlesnakes,
copperheads, water moccasins, and coral snakes.
Some bites are the work of nonpoisonous snakes, but all snakebites should be treated as
poisonous by the first aid provider.
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
The cardinal signs of inflammation are redness (rubor or erythema), heat, swelling, and pain;
sometimes loss of function
Diangostic blood changes that may indicate inflammation?
*Leukocytosis (increased WBC)
*Differential count of WBC
*plasma protein (increased prothrombin and fibrinogen)
*CRP (appears with acute inflammation and necrosis)
*increased ESR
*cell enzymes present (may indicate necrosis)
Treatment of inflammation
*Drugs - Aspirin, NSAIDS, etc.
*RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation)
*Compression stockings
*Moderate exercise
Opportunistic infection
, Microbes that are not usually pathogenic but can become pathogenic when transferred into
another location of the body, if the balance of the species is not maintained, or if the body's
defense is impaired.
Stages of Pressure Ulcers
Stage I: Intact skin with non-blanchable redness of a localized area usually over a bony
prominence. Darkly pigmented skin may not have visible blanching; its color may differ from
the surrounding area.
Stage II: Partial thickness loss of dermis presenting as a shallow open ulcer with a red pink
wound bed, without slough. May also present as an intact or open/ ruptured serum-filled
blister.
Stage III: Full thickness tissue loss. Subcutaneous fat may be visible but bone, tendon or
muscle are not exposed. Slough may be present but does not obscure the depth of tissue loss.
May include undermining and tunneling.
Stage IV: Full thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle. Slough or eschar
may be present on some parts of the wound bed. Often include undermining and tunneling.
Deep Tissue Injury Purple or maroon localized area of discolored intact skin or blood-filled
blister due to damage of underlying soft tissue from pressure and/or shear. The area may be
preceded by tissue that is painful, firm, mushy, boggy, warmer or cooler as compared to
adjacent tissue.
Unstageable: Full thickness tissue loss in which the base of the ulcer is covered by slough
(yellow, tan, gray, green or brown) and/or eschar (tan, brown or black) in wound bed
Correct Answers
Pathogenesis
The development of the disease or the sequence of events involved in the tissue changes
related to the specific disease process.
Onset
sudden OR acute- An acute disease indicates a short-term illness that develops quickly with
marked signs such as high fever or severe pain—for example, acute appendicitis; onset may
be insidious, best described as a gradual progression with only vague or very mild signs.
Chronic
often a milder condition developing gradually, such as rheumatoid arthritis, but it persists for
a long time and usually causes more permanent tissue damage. Often a chronic disease is
marked by intermittent acute episodes.
Subclinical (stage/phase)
in which pathologic changes occur but the patient exhibits no obvious manifestations,
perhaps because of the great reserve capacity of some organs.
Latent stage
"silent" stage, in which no clinical signs are evident, characterizes some diseases. In
infectious diseases this stage may be referred to as the incubation period, which is the time
between exposure to the microorganism and the onset of signs or symptoms; it may last for a
day or so or may be prolonged, perhaps for days or weeks.
Disease transmission of an insect bite
,The injury occurs when the insect either bites or stings the patient. Venom is injected into the
tissue, resulting in the body's response to a foreign protein.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever/Tick Bite disease transmission
The causative agent, Rickettsia rickettsii, is transmitted by the wood tick and is carried in the
feces of infected ticks. It is introduced into the bloodstream of a person during a prolonged
tick bite.
Symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Class triad: headache, fever, maculopapular rash (bumps and petechial rash)
high fever
Malaria/Mosquito bite disease transmission
Malaria is caused by four species of the protozoan genus Plasmodium, which is transmitted
from infected human to human by the bite of mosquito vectors or, less commonly, by blood
transfusion or IV drug use.
Disease transmission of animal/human bites
The bite occurs when the offending animal is agitated, frightened, threatened, or angry. Bites
can be from domestic animals, such as cats and dogs; farm animals; or wild animals, such as
skunks, bats, raccoons, and foxes. Human bites have been recorded.
The pattern of the teeth marks is helpful in determining the type of bite, human or animal,
and the type of animal that did the biting if not immediately known.
Snake bite disease transmission
,Four kinds of poisonous snakes are known to inhabit the United States: rattlesnakes,
copperheads, water moccasins, and coral snakes.
Some bites are the work of nonpoisonous snakes, but all snakebites should be treated as
poisonous by the first aid provider.
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
The cardinal signs of inflammation are redness (rubor or erythema), heat, swelling, and pain;
sometimes loss of function
Diangostic blood changes that may indicate inflammation?
*Leukocytosis (increased WBC)
*Differential count of WBC
*plasma protein (increased prothrombin and fibrinogen)
*CRP (appears with acute inflammation and necrosis)
*increased ESR
*cell enzymes present (may indicate necrosis)
Treatment of inflammation
*Drugs - Aspirin, NSAIDS, etc.
*RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation)
*Compression stockings
*Moderate exercise
Opportunistic infection
, Microbes that are not usually pathogenic but can become pathogenic when transferred into
another location of the body, if the balance of the species is not maintained, or if the body's
defense is impaired.
Stages of Pressure Ulcers
Stage I: Intact skin with non-blanchable redness of a localized area usually over a bony
prominence. Darkly pigmented skin may not have visible blanching; its color may differ from
the surrounding area.
Stage II: Partial thickness loss of dermis presenting as a shallow open ulcer with a red pink
wound bed, without slough. May also present as an intact or open/ ruptured serum-filled
blister.
Stage III: Full thickness tissue loss. Subcutaneous fat may be visible but bone, tendon or
muscle are not exposed. Slough may be present but does not obscure the depth of tissue loss.
May include undermining and tunneling.
Stage IV: Full thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle. Slough or eschar
may be present on some parts of the wound bed. Often include undermining and tunneling.
Deep Tissue Injury Purple or maroon localized area of discolored intact skin or blood-filled
blister due to damage of underlying soft tissue from pressure and/or shear. The area may be
preceded by tissue that is painful, firm, mushy, boggy, warmer or cooler as compared to
adjacent tissue.
Unstageable: Full thickness tissue loss in which the base of the ulcer is covered by slough
(yellow, tan, gray, green or brown) and/or eschar (tan, brown or black) in wound bed
