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PATHO 370 Final Exam Practice Questions (Original) EXAM | Latest Update |
Original Questions & Answers with Detailed Rationales | Graded A+
Exam Focus: Advanced pathophysiology, disease mechanisms,
clinical manifestations, and diagnostic reasoning.
Section 1: Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death
1. A patient with chronic hypertension develops thickening of
the left ventricular wall. This is an example of:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Dysplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to
increased workload. Chronic hypertension increases afterload
on the left ventricle, causing cardiac myocytes to enlarge,
leading to wall thickening.
2. Which type of cellular adaptation is most likely to occur in
the cervix of a long-term smoker?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
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C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one
differentiated cell type with another. In smokers, the normal
columnar cervical epithelium changes to stratified squamous
epithelium as a protective response to chronic irritation.
3. A patient has a myocardial infarction. The type of necrosis
seen in the heart is:
A. Liquefactive
B. Coagulative
C. Caseous
D. Fat necrosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis occurs in solid organs like the
heart, kidney, and liver due to hypoxia. Cell outlines remain but
nuclei are lost.
4. A stroke patient develops brain tissue softening and cyst
formation. This is due to:
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
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Answer: B
Rationale: Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain, where
enzymatic digestion of dead cells leads to the formation of a
liquid-filled cavity.
5. Cellular hypoxia results in:
A. Increased pH
B. Enhanced ATP activity
C. Loss of intracellular calcium
D. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
Answer: D
Rationale: Hypoxia leads to ATP depletion, causing the sodium-
potassium pump to fail. This results in intracellular sodium and
calcium accumulation and cellular swelling.
6. A client develops weakness in both lower extremities
following a prolonged period of bed rest. This condition is
most likely caused by:
A. Atrophy
B. Dysplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: A
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size due to disuse.
Prolonged bed rest leads to disuse atrophy of skeletal muscles.
, https://www.stuvia.com/user/performance
Section 2: Inflammation and Immunity
7. Which component of the blood is responsible for protecting
the body by phagocytosis of microorganisms and other debris?
A. Platelets
B. Leukocytes
C. Erythrocytes
D. Plasma proteins
Answer: B
Rationale: Leukocytes protect the body by phagocytosis of
microorganisms and other debris. They also participate in
antibody formation.
8. A patient exposed to herpes simplex virus has been
exhibiting symptoms. This is an example of:
A. Type I hypersensitivity
B. Type II hypersensitivity
C. Type III hypersensitivity
D. Type IV hypersensitivity
Answer: D
Rationale: Herpes simplex virus triggers a cell-mediated (Type
IV) hypersensitivity response, involving T lymphocytes.
9. Which of the following is a classic sign of acute
inflammation?
PATHO 370 Final Exam Practice Questions (Original) EXAM | Latest Update |
Original Questions & Answers with Detailed Rationales | Graded A+
Exam Focus: Advanced pathophysiology, disease mechanisms,
clinical manifestations, and diagnostic reasoning.
Section 1: Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death
1. A patient with chronic hypertension develops thickening of
the left ventricular wall. This is an example of:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Dysplasia
Answer: C
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to
increased workload. Chronic hypertension increases afterload
on the left ventricle, causing cardiac myocytes to enlarge,
leading to wall thickening.
2. Which type of cellular adaptation is most likely to occur in
the cervix of a long-term smoker?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
,https://www.stuvia.com/user/performance
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one
differentiated cell type with another. In smokers, the normal
columnar cervical epithelium changes to stratified squamous
epithelium as a protective response to chronic irritation.
3. A patient has a myocardial infarction. The type of necrosis
seen in the heart is:
A. Liquefactive
B. Coagulative
C. Caseous
D. Fat necrosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis occurs in solid organs like the
heart, kidney, and liver due to hypoxia. Cell outlines remain but
nuclei are lost.
4. A stroke patient develops brain tissue softening and cyst
formation. This is due to:
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
,https://www.stuvia.com/user/performance
Answer: B
Rationale: Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain, where
enzymatic digestion of dead cells leads to the formation of a
liquid-filled cavity.
5. Cellular hypoxia results in:
A. Increased pH
B. Enhanced ATP activity
C. Loss of intracellular calcium
D. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
Answer: D
Rationale: Hypoxia leads to ATP depletion, causing the sodium-
potassium pump to fail. This results in intracellular sodium and
calcium accumulation and cellular swelling.
6. A client develops weakness in both lower extremities
following a prolonged period of bed rest. This condition is
most likely caused by:
A. Atrophy
B. Dysplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: A
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size due to disuse.
Prolonged bed rest leads to disuse atrophy of skeletal muscles.
, https://www.stuvia.com/user/performance
Section 2: Inflammation and Immunity
7. Which component of the blood is responsible for protecting
the body by phagocytosis of microorganisms and other debris?
A. Platelets
B. Leukocytes
C. Erythrocytes
D. Plasma proteins
Answer: B
Rationale: Leukocytes protect the body by phagocytosis of
microorganisms and other debris. They also participate in
antibody formation.
8. A patient exposed to herpes simplex virus has been
exhibiting symptoms. This is an example of:
A. Type I hypersensitivity
B. Type II hypersensitivity
C. Type III hypersensitivity
D. Type IV hypersensitivity
Answer: D
Rationale: Herpes simplex virus triggers a cell-mediated (Type
IV) hypersensitivity response, involving T lymphocytes.
9. Which of the following is a classic sign of acute
inflammation?
