1. What, . is, . diabetic, . ketoacidosis, . (DKA)? •,.An,.acute,,.life-threatening,.condition
characterized,.by,.uncontrolled,.hyper-
glycemia,.(300,.mg/dL),,.metabolic,.acido-
sis,,.+,.an,.accumulation,.of,.ketones,.in,.the,
.blood,.+,.urine
• The,.onset,.is,.rapid,,.+,.the,.mortality,.rate,.is,.
up,.to,.10%
2. What,.is,.hyperglycemic,.hyperosmolar,. • An,.acute,,.life-
non-ketotic,.state? threatening,.condition,.characterized,.by,.p
rofound,.hyperglycemia,.(>,.500,.mg/dL),,.hyp
erosmolarity,.that,.leads,.to,.dehydration,,.+,.
an,.absence,.of,.ketosis
• Onset,.generally,.occurs,.gradually,.over,.s
everal,.days,,.+,.if,.left,.untreated,.can,.lead,.to,.
coma,.+,.death
3. What, . are, . the, . risk, . factors, . for, . DKA? •,.Lack,.of,.suflcient,.insulin,.r/t,.undiagnosed
or,.untreated,.type,.1,.DM,.or,.nonadherence,.t
o,.a,.diabetic,.regimen
• Reduced,.or,.missed,.dose,.of,.insulin
• Any,.condition,.that,.increases,.carbohy-
drate,.metabolism
• Infection,.is,.the,.most,.common,.cause
• Increased,.hormone,.production,.that,.st
imulates,.the,.liver,.to,.produce,.glucose,.+,.de
creases,.the,.ettect,.of,.insulin
4. What, . contributes, . to, . HHNK, . state? •,.Lack,.of,.suflcient,.insulin,.r/t,.undiagnosed
or,.poorly,.managed,.diabetes
• There,.is,.suflcient,.endogenous,.insulin,.
present,.to,.prevent,.the,.development,.of,.ke-
tosis,,.but,.not,.enough,.to,.prevent,.hyper-
,. ,.
, glycemia
• Inadequate,.fluid,.intake,.or,.poor,.kidney,
.function
• Infection,,.stress
• Medical,.conditions
• Some,.medications
5. What, . are, . expected, . findings, . of, . DKA? •,.Polyuria
• Polydipsia
• Polyphagia
• Weight,.loss
• GI,.ettects
• Blurred,.vision,,.headache,,.weakness
• Orthostatic,.hypotension
• Fruity,.odor,.of,.breath
• Kussmaul,.respirations
• Metabolic,.acidosis
• Mental,.status,.changes
6. What, . are, . expected, . findings, . of, . HHNK, . state?, . , . •,.Polyuria
• Polydipsia
• Polyphagia
• Weight,.loss
• Blurred,.vision,,.headache,,.weakness
• Orthostatic,.hypotension
• Mental,.status,.changes
• Seizures,,.myoclonic,.jerking
• Reversible,.paralysis
7. What,.are,.the,.expected,.blood,.glucose,.levels, . f Greater,.than,.300,.mg/dL,,.up,.to,.800,.mg/dL,.is,
or,.a,.patient,.w/,.DKA? .typical
8. Greater,.than,.600,.mg/dL
,. ,.
characterized,.by,.uncontrolled,.hyper-
glycemia,.(300,.mg/dL),,.metabolic,.acido-
sis,,.+,.an,.accumulation,.of,.ketones,.in,.the,
.blood,.+,.urine
• The,.onset,.is,.rapid,,.+,.the,.mortality,.rate,.is,.
up,.to,.10%
2. What,.is,.hyperglycemic,.hyperosmolar,. • An,.acute,,.life-
non-ketotic,.state? threatening,.condition,.characterized,.by,.p
rofound,.hyperglycemia,.(>,.500,.mg/dL),,.hyp
erosmolarity,.that,.leads,.to,.dehydration,,.+,.
an,.absence,.of,.ketosis
• Onset,.generally,.occurs,.gradually,.over,.s
everal,.days,,.+,.if,.left,.untreated,.can,.lead,.to,.
coma,.+,.death
3. What, . are, . the, . risk, . factors, . for, . DKA? •,.Lack,.of,.suflcient,.insulin,.r/t,.undiagnosed
or,.untreated,.type,.1,.DM,.or,.nonadherence,.t
o,.a,.diabetic,.regimen
• Reduced,.or,.missed,.dose,.of,.insulin
• Any,.condition,.that,.increases,.carbohy-
drate,.metabolism
• Infection,.is,.the,.most,.common,.cause
• Increased,.hormone,.production,.that,.st
imulates,.the,.liver,.to,.produce,.glucose,.+,.de
creases,.the,.ettect,.of,.insulin
4. What, . contributes, . to, . HHNK, . state? •,.Lack,.of,.suflcient,.insulin,.r/t,.undiagnosed
or,.poorly,.managed,.diabetes
• There,.is,.suflcient,.endogenous,.insulin,.
present,.to,.prevent,.the,.development,.of,.ke-
tosis,,.but,.not,.enough,.to,.prevent,.hyper-
,. ,.
, glycemia
• Inadequate,.fluid,.intake,.or,.poor,.kidney,
.function
• Infection,,.stress
• Medical,.conditions
• Some,.medications
5. What, . are, . expected, . findings, . of, . DKA? •,.Polyuria
• Polydipsia
• Polyphagia
• Weight,.loss
• GI,.ettects
• Blurred,.vision,,.headache,,.weakness
• Orthostatic,.hypotension
• Fruity,.odor,.of,.breath
• Kussmaul,.respirations
• Metabolic,.acidosis
• Mental,.status,.changes
6. What, . are, . expected, . findings, . of, . HHNK, . state?, . , . •,.Polyuria
• Polydipsia
• Polyphagia
• Weight,.loss
• Blurred,.vision,,.headache,,.weakness
• Orthostatic,.hypotension
• Mental,.status,.changes
• Seizures,,.myoclonic,.jerking
• Reversible,.paralysis
7. What,.are,.the,.expected,.blood,.glucose,.levels, . f Greater,.than,.300,.mg/dL,,.up,.to,.800,.mg/dL,.is,
or,.a,.patient,.w/,.DKA? .typical
8. Greater,.than,.600,.mg/dL
,. ,.
