HIGH-YIELD CONCEPTS FOR NBME CBSE
EXAM PREPARATION
Cell Cycle Phases - ANSWER -G1 → S → G2 → M
G1/S Checkpoint - ANSWER -Controlled by Rb protein
G2/M Checkpoint - ANSWER -Controlled by p53 protein
p53/p21 - ANSWER -Tumor suppressors
Cyclins/CDKs - ANSWER -Regulate progression of the cell cycle
Rb phosphorylation - ANSWER -Promotes cell cycle progression
Bioavailability (F) - ANSWER -Fraction of drug reaching systemic
circulation
Half-life (t½) - ANSWER -t½ = 0.693 × Vd / CL
,Volume of Distribution (Vd) - ANSWER -Increases for lipophilic drugs
Clearance (CL) - ANSWER -CL = Rate of elimination / [Drug]
Loading Dose (LD) - ANSWER -LD = Cp × Vd / F
Maintenance Dose (MD) - ANSWER -MD = Cp × CL × τ / F
Agonists - ANSWER -Bind and activate receptors
Antagonists - ANSWER -Block receptors
Competitive Antagonists - ANSWER -Cause a right shift in the dose-
response curve, same maximum effect
Noncompetitive Antagonists - ANSWER -Decrease maximum effect of
the agonist
Efficacy - ANSWER -Maximum response of a drug, higher is better
Potency - ANSWER -Dose needed for a drug to achieve its effect, higher
means lower dose required
,Michaelis-Menten Curve - ANSWER -Describes the rate of enzymatic
reactions
Km - ANSWER -Concentration of substrate at half of Vmax
Competitive Inhibitors - ANSWER -Increase Km, do not affect Vmax
Noncompetitive Inhibitors - ANSWER -Decrease Vmax, do not affect Km
cAMP (Gs) - ANSWER -Involved in signaling pathways for β1/2, H2, D1,
TSH, PTH, ACTH, FSH, LH
IP3 (Gq) - ANSWER -Involved in signaling pathways for α1, M1/3, H1,
GnRH, TRH
Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) - ANSWER -Signaling pathway for Insulin, IGF-1,
FGF
JAK-STAT Pathway - ANSWER -Signaling pathway for GH, Prolactin, EPO,
G-CSF
, CD4⁺ T Cells - ANSWER -Subtypes include TH1, TH2, TH17, and Treg,
each with specific functions in immune response.
TH1 - ANSWER -Activates macrophages through IL-12 leading to IFN-γ
production.
TH2 - ANSWER -Activates eosinophils and promotes IgE production via
IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13.
TH17 - ANSWER -Recruits neutrophils through IL-17.
Treg - ANSWER -Suppresses immune responses using IL-10 and TGF-β.
CD8⁺ T Cells - ANSWER -Responsible for cytotoxic killing via
perforin/granzymes or FasL.
B Cell Activation - ANSWER -Requires CD40-CD40L interaction and IL-
4/IL-5 from CD4⁺ T cells.
Class Switching - ANSWER -The process where B cells change the class
of antibody they produce, influenced by cytokines.
IL-4 - ANSWER -Promotes class switching to IgE and IgG.
EXAM PREPARATION
Cell Cycle Phases - ANSWER -G1 → S → G2 → M
G1/S Checkpoint - ANSWER -Controlled by Rb protein
G2/M Checkpoint - ANSWER -Controlled by p53 protein
p53/p21 - ANSWER -Tumor suppressors
Cyclins/CDKs - ANSWER -Regulate progression of the cell cycle
Rb phosphorylation - ANSWER -Promotes cell cycle progression
Bioavailability (F) - ANSWER -Fraction of drug reaching systemic
circulation
Half-life (t½) - ANSWER -t½ = 0.693 × Vd / CL
,Volume of Distribution (Vd) - ANSWER -Increases for lipophilic drugs
Clearance (CL) - ANSWER -CL = Rate of elimination / [Drug]
Loading Dose (LD) - ANSWER -LD = Cp × Vd / F
Maintenance Dose (MD) - ANSWER -MD = Cp × CL × τ / F
Agonists - ANSWER -Bind and activate receptors
Antagonists - ANSWER -Block receptors
Competitive Antagonists - ANSWER -Cause a right shift in the dose-
response curve, same maximum effect
Noncompetitive Antagonists - ANSWER -Decrease maximum effect of
the agonist
Efficacy - ANSWER -Maximum response of a drug, higher is better
Potency - ANSWER -Dose needed for a drug to achieve its effect, higher
means lower dose required
,Michaelis-Menten Curve - ANSWER -Describes the rate of enzymatic
reactions
Km - ANSWER -Concentration of substrate at half of Vmax
Competitive Inhibitors - ANSWER -Increase Km, do not affect Vmax
Noncompetitive Inhibitors - ANSWER -Decrease Vmax, do not affect Km
cAMP (Gs) - ANSWER -Involved in signaling pathways for β1/2, H2, D1,
TSH, PTH, ACTH, FSH, LH
IP3 (Gq) - ANSWER -Involved in signaling pathways for α1, M1/3, H1,
GnRH, TRH
Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) - ANSWER -Signaling pathway for Insulin, IGF-1,
FGF
JAK-STAT Pathway - ANSWER -Signaling pathway for GH, Prolactin, EPO,
G-CSF
, CD4⁺ T Cells - ANSWER -Subtypes include TH1, TH2, TH17, and Treg,
each with specific functions in immune response.
TH1 - ANSWER -Activates macrophages through IL-12 leading to IFN-γ
production.
TH2 - ANSWER -Activates eosinophils and promotes IgE production via
IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13.
TH17 - ANSWER -Recruits neutrophils through IL-17.
Treg - ANSWER -Suppresses immune responses using IL-10 and TGF-β.
CD8⁺ T Cells - ANSWER -Responsible for cytotoxic killing via
perforin/granzymes or FasL.
B Cell Activation - ANSWER -Requires CD40-CD40L interaction and IL-
4/IL-5 from CD4⁺ T cells.
Class Switching - ANSWER -The process where B cells change the class
of antibody they produce, influenced by cytokines.
IL-4 - ANSWER -Promotes class switching to IgE and IgG.
